gene regulation eukaryotes

What is the TATA box?

A promoter sequence for transcription initiation

What do transcription factors do?

Regulate gene expression

What enzyme makes mRNA in eukaryotes?

RNA polymerase II

Does transcription need helicase?

No

What is the promoter proximal region?

DNA region that regulates transcription

What are exons?

Coding DNA sequences

What are introns?

Noncoding DNA sequences

What happens to introns?

Removed during RNA processing

Why can eukaryotes make many proteins from one gene?

Alternative splicing

What do enhancers do?

Increase transcription

What do silencers do?

Decrease transcription

Can enhancers be far from the gene?

Yes

What is DNA looping?

DNA bending to bring regulatory regions together

What does acetylation do?

Increases transcription

What is euchromatin

Open, active DNA

What is heterochromatin?

Closed, inactive DNA

What does methylation do?

Decreases transcription

What is chromatin?

DNA + protein complex

What are histones?

Proteins DNA wraps around

What is a nucleosome?

: DNA wrapped around histones

What is epigenetics?

Changes in gene expression without changing DNA sequence

What is alternative gene splicing?

Different combinations of exons → different proteins

What is p53?

Tumor suppressor protein

What does p53 do?

Stops cell cycle or triggers cell death if DNA is damaged