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Morality
The concept of distinguishing right from wrong in human behavior.
Subjectivity of Morality
The idea that morality is subjective and varies based on individual values and cultural norms.
Universally Immoral
Actions that are universally considered immoral regardless of cultural differences.
Social Aspect of Morality
The notion that morality is related to building social communities and involves notions of justice, rights, and welfare.
Sense of Suffering
The idea that immorality is associated with causing suffering to oneself or others.
Disagreement on Morality
The observation that there is a lack of consensus on moral principles despite thousands of years of philosophical debate.
Moral Content
The substance or ideas that form moral beliefs.
Internalization
The process of acquiring moral beliefs by internalizing social interactions and cultural content.
Projection
The alternative view that suggests that individuals already possess moral ideas and project them onto the social world.
Integrated Causal Model
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of pre-existing ideas in shaping social interactions and moral beliefs.
Nature versus Nurture
The debate regarding the relative influence of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) on human behavior and development.
Chomsky
Nature Guy - No need to know who Tansy and Skinner are, just understand that Chomsky believes language is innate.
Skinner
Nurture Guy - No need to know who Tansy and Skinner are, just understand that Skinner believes language is learned.
Verbal Behavior - Skinner's book on language and language actualization, reviewed by Chomsky.
Cognitive Science - Chomsky's review of Skinner's book is considered one of the founding documents of cognitive science.
Language is learned - Skinner's belief that language is learned through operant conditioning.
Language is innate - Chomsky's belief that language is innate and not learned.
Innateness of language - The idea that language is innate is supported by the fact that it is only seen in humans.
Operant conditioning - Skinner's learning mechanism, where behavior is reinforced or punished to increase or decrease certain actions.
Reinforcement - The process by which behavior is rewarded, leading to an increase in that behavior.
Learning mechanism - The mechanism that allows organisms to learn through operant conditioning.
Difference between Chomsky and Skinner - The difference lies in the learning mechanisms they propose for language acquisition.
Learning mechanism for operant conditioning
The learning mechanism for operant conditioning is found in rats, pigeons, and humans.
Learning mechanism for language - The learning mechanism for language is unique to humans and not found in dogs and cats.
Learning mechanism
A general mechanism that can be used to learn anything, regardless of the subject or behavior.
Conditioning
A learning mechanism that causes an individual to learn a specific behavior through repeated associations and reinforcement.
Language acquisition device
A specialized learning mechanism proposed by Chomsky specifically for learning language.
Nature versus nurture
A debate about whether learning mechanisms are specialized (nature) or general (nurture).
Specialized learning mechanisms
Learning mechanisms that are designed for specific tasks or subjects.
General learning mechanism
A learning mechanism that can be used to learn anything, regardless of the task or subject.
Content
The specific information or knowledge that is being learned by a learning mechanism.
Functional incompatibility
The inability of a specialized device to perform tasks outside of its intended function.
Specialization
The design or focus of a device or mechanism to perform a specific task or function.
Jack of all trades, master of none
An expression referring to someone who is generally skilled at many things but not an expert in any particular area.
Design principle
An engineering or design principle that suggests specialized devices are more effective than a single device that tries to do everything.
Universal design principle
The idea that specialized devices or mechanisms are a common and effective design principle across various domains, including the human mind.
Food processing devices
Appliances used to process and prepare food, such as fridges, stoves, can openers, and dishwashers.
Brain
An information processing device located within the skull that controls various functions and processes in the body.
Occipital lobe
The part of the brain responsible for processing visual information.
Parietal lobe
The part of the brain involved in processing sensory information and spatial awareness.
Temporal lobe
The part of the brain responsible for processing auditory information and memory.
Frontal lobe
The part of the brain involved in higher-level thinking, decision making, and social information processing.
Language acquisition device
A specialized mechanism within the brain that enables the acquisition and processing of language.
Appliance operand conditioning
The idea that the brain functions as an all-encompassing device, capable of performing various tasks and processes.
Trial and error learning
A learning process that involves trying different actions or behaviors and repeating those that lead to desired outcomes.
Quine's thought experiment
A hypothetical scenario proposed by philosopher Quine to illustrate the challenges of language interpretation and understanding.
Language acquisition
The process of learning and acquiring language skills and abilities.
Social interactions
Various forms of human interactions and behaviors that are influenced by social norms and expectations.
Specialized learning mechanism
A specific mechanism within the brain that is dedicated to learning and processing certain types of information or skills.
Social norms
Accepted standards and behaviors within a particular society or social group.
Paradoxical nature of knowledge
The idea that infants may possess certain innate knowledge or understanding that becomes less apparent or accessible as they grow older.
Projection
The idea that abstract ideas are already in your head and you use them to project onto the world.
Linguist
A person who studies language and has made progress in understanding language and its components.
Phonology
The study of the sounds in language and the critical period for picking them up.
Standard Phonology
The accepted sounds in a particular language, such as English.
South Asian Languages
Languages in South Asia that have sounds difficult for English speakers to pronounce, such as GHKH and BH.
Accent
A way of pronouncing words that is influenced by one's native language or dialect.
Head First Language
A language structure where the most important part of a phrase comes first, such as in English.
Head Last Language
A language structure where the most important part of a phrase comes last, such as in Japanese.
Open Parameter
The ability of young children to learn and produce various sounds and language structures.
Moralities
Different systems of morality, including liberal progressive and community loss narratives.
Liberal Progressive Narrative
A narrative that focuses on freedom and autonomy, prioritizing individual choice.
Community Loss Narrative
A narrative that values other moral systems, including sanctity and dignity.
Mental Richness
The idea that all the richness of ideas is out in the world and one's job is to bring them into their head.
Projection
The idea that what is out in the world is being projected from people's heads and one is trying to understand and coordinate with others.
Rules
Liberating:The argument that rules actually enable and give freedom by providing structure and guidance.
Past Tense
The form of a verb that indicates an action or state that occurred in the past.
Rule
A guideline or principle that helps determine the correct form or usage of a word or phrase.
Ignorance
Lack of knowledge or information about something.
Background Knowledge
Previous knowledge or understanding that helps interpret and make sense of new information.
Grammar
The rules of a language that help order ideas and create comprehensible patterns.
Moral rules
Rules that help individuals understand social situations and guide their interactions with others.
Social interactions
Engaging with others in a way that follows moral rules and allows for effective communication.
Freedom
The ability to make choices and interact with others based on moral rules and social norms.
Learning mechanisms
Processes that enable individuals to acquire knowledge and skills, often influenced by social life-specific rules.
Social world
The environment created by individuals' interactions with others, shaped by moral rules and social norms.
Morality
The set of moral rules that govern social interactions and prevent individuals from being solely driven by selfishness.
Moral development
The process of acquiring and understanding moral rules as individuals grow and learn.
Piagetian tradition
The approach to studying moral development influenced by the theories of Jean Piaget.
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