Anatomy 1 Semester Final

Define anatomy

study of structures

microscopic anatomy studies?

small structures

gross anatomy studies?

large structures

define physiology

study of functions

the study of the structure and functions of cells is...

cytology

the study of microscopic structure of tissues is...

histology

what are the levels of organization

atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Integumentary system:

skin, hair
temp regulation and protection

Skeletal system:

bones, tendons
shape and structure

Muscular system:

cardiac and smooth muscle
regulates blood and maintains posture

Nervous system:

brain, spinal cord
transmits signals and responds to stimuli

cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels
delivers oxygen and nutrients

Respiratory system

lung, nose
moves fresh air, removes gas

Lymphatic system

spleen, lymph nodes
maintain fluid levels, immune responses

Urinary system

kidney, bladder
create waste, takes nutrients

Digestive system

mouth, stomach
give nutrients, gets rid of waste

Endocrine system

ovaries, pancreas
metabolism, fertility

Reproductive system

uterus, ovaries
produce egg and sperm cells

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment is...

homeostasis

receptors function?

detect changes

control center function?

interprets info from receptors and sends commands to effectors

effectors function?

make adjustments based on commands from control center

Feedback loop that brings conditions back to normal.
EX: sweating, heart and breathing rate

negative

Feedback loop that accelerates change away from normal
EX: blood clotting, childbirth

positive

transverse (up) is...

superior

transverse (down) is...

inferior

frontal (front)

anterior, ventral

frontal (back)

posterior, dorsal

sagittal

left and right

lateral

out

medial

in

what are the 3 major cavities?

dorsal, ventral, abdominal

dorsal sub cavities and organs are...

cranial, vertebral
brain, spine

ventral sub cavities and organs are...

pleural, mediastinum, pericardial
lungs, heart

abdominal sub cavities and organs are...

abdominal, pelvic, epigastric
stomach, liver, pancreas

Name the 4 tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

characteristics of epithelial tissue include

cover surfaces, avascular, cells tightly joined

functions of epithelial tissues

protect, barrier, absorption

Epithelial tissue simple squamous

alveoli

Epithelial tissue stratified squamous

esophagus

Epithelial tissue simple cuboidal

kidney

Epithelial tissue simple columnar

stomach

Epithelial tissue transitional

bladder

Epithelial tissue pseudostratified columnar

trachea

A ground mixture of ground substance, protein fibers, and fluid in connective tissue

extracellular matrix

List the 3 types of connective tissue proper

areolar, adipose (stores fat), reticular

bone to bone dense regular connective tissue is...

ligament

muscle to bone dense regular connective tissue is...

tendon

Ex of dense irregular tissue is...

scar tissue

Identify the 2 fluid connective tissues

blood, lymph

Identify 2 broad types of supportive connective tissue

cartilage, bone

Hyaline cartilage can be found...

ends of bones

Fibrocartilage can be found...

between vertebrae, in knee and jaw joints

Elastic cartilage can be found...

ear, nose

What is the function of muscle tissues?

contraction, movement

Tapered not striated, single nucleus muscle tissue
Involuntary control. Found in the stomach and intestines

smooth muscle

Long cylinders (fibers) striated multiple nuclei muscle tissue
Involuntary control. Found in tendons such as shoulder & hamstring

skeletal muscle

Branched striated (bands), single nucleus
Voluntary control. Found in the heart

cardiac muscle

What are the 2 types of neural tissue?

neurons, neuroglia

What is the function of neurons?

conduct cells, send info throughout body

What is the function of neuroglia?

support, protect, insulate neurons

What are the layers of the integument from superficial to deep?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

What are the functions of the integument?

protection, temp control, sensory reception, excretion and secretion

What major tissue makes up the dermis?

highly vascular connective tissue
papillary layer, reticular layer

What major tissues make up the epidermis?

stratified squamous
5 layers strata/stratum

What major tissues make up the hypodermis? NOT part of the integument!!!

abundant adipose tissue
vascular

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

avascular

Explain how skin pigmentation is determined.

melanin production, darkens skin
dermal blood supply, red/pink skin

What are the three broad categories of accessory structures of the integument?

hair, nails, glands

Name the tough waterproof protein that makes up hair, nails and skin.

keratin

Hair is made of...

dead keratinized cells produced in hair follicles

Peach fuzz hair is...

vellus hair

Head and armpit hair are examples of...

terminal hair

grows hair

hair follicle

start of hair (where it begins) is called...

hair root
gives nutrients

Top of hair (where it ends) is called...

hair shaft
protection, temp control

Muscle that controls temp
EX: hair stands up when cold

arrector pili

Gland found along the hair follicles
Oily secretion, waterproof property

sebaceous glands

Sweat Gland found across body that produces watery sweat EX: palms

eccrine

Sweat gland found within hair that produces "milky sweat" EX: B.O/puberty

apocrine

Identify basic structure of the nail

Any receptor that provides an organism with information about mechanical changes in its environment such as movement, tension, and pressure

mechanoreceptor

Any receptor that detects a change in temperature such as hot and cold stimuli

thermoreceptor

Any receptor that detects pain such as EXTREME painful temps, mechanical, and chemical

nociceptors

Describe the mechanisms your body uses to maintain a relatively constant body temperature. Hypothalamus

shivering, sweating

Explain the variation in your skin’s ability to distinguish two-point touch stimuli across different body regions

more sensory neurons

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

support, protection, muscle attachment, blood cell production, storage of minerals

T or F Each bone is an organ.

t

T or F Bone is made of several different types of tissues

t

Organic component that provides tensile strength. Resists stretching and twisting forces. (Protein)

collagen fibers

Inorganic component that provides compressive strength. Resists compressive forces. (Mineral)

calcium hydroxyapatite

hard dense tissue that gives bones strength

compact bone

porous tissue that reduces bone weight

spongy bone

build bone

osteoblasts

break down bone

osteoclasts

send signals

osteocytes

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue rich in blood vessels

periosteum

a layer of membrane that lines the center of bone that contain bone marrow

endosteum

Shapey's penetrating fibers attach...

periosteum to the bone

Type of bone seen in vertebrae

irregular