IB US History Fall Review 24-25

Fort Sumter

Located in Charleston, South Carolina; the location of the first battle of the American Civil War on April 12, 1861; Union forces were sending supplies when the Confederacy took fire on troops

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi river, and to take an army through heart of south

border states

Slave-owning states but were a part of the union and served as a border and buffer to Conferedate forces

George McClellan

A Union general who led the Penninsula Plan which led to the invasion of confederate Virginia and the Battle of Antietam but was fired twice by Lincoln for both battles; the first was for getting chased away by Lee's army and the second for not pursuing Lee after Antietam

Robert E Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War; also known as the Peace Deomocrats

ironclads

wooden steamboats that featured sturdy iron armor;were featured in the battle of the Ironclads when the Union were trying to issue a naval blockade of the south

Emancipation proclaimation

an executive order made by Lincoln in 1863 that essentialy freed the slaves but only in Confederate territory, where Lincoln had no power; emphasized how slavery was the point of the war and not secession

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Battle of Vicksburg

1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins

draft riots

were a series of violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War

total war

in the context of the Civil War, a battle strategy in which troops were ordered to march through enemy territory and destroy everything in their path, leaving the opposition without resources

Sherman's March

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war," purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate war effort.

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Lincoln's 10% Plan

when 10% of voters in southern states pledged allegiance to U.S. it would become part of union

Johnson's Restoration Plan

Plan that added to Lincoln's previous plan by requiring southern states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, disqualify wealthy ex-Confederates from voting, and appoint a Unionist governor.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Civil Rights Act of 1875

law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

civil rights act of 1866

Passed by Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

14th Amendment

1. Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

reconstruction act

It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers. It also required that states wishing to be re-admitted into the Union had to ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.

Hiram Revels

1st Black Mississippi senator elected who took the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded

Ulysses S Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Freedman's Bureau

provided: food, clothing, jobs, medical care, schools for former slaves and the poor whites

Oliver O. Howard

Head of the Freedmen's Bureau which was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency for free blacks. Later founded and served as President of Howard University in Washington D.C.

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or ethnicity

National Women's Suffrage Association

Group founded in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Pushed for voting rights for women.

New Departure

An approach from the NWSA based on the belief that women were already implicitly enfranchised by the U.S. Constitution

KKK

The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

Enforcement Acts

1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote

greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Morrill Land Grant

It granted 30,000 acres to a state per representative and senator they had. It was to be applied to teaching agriculture and the mechanic arts, which came to be known as land-grant colleges

redeemers

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.

Depression of 1873

an economic crash that resulted from the overreaching of promoters to build more railroads, factories, and farms than the market could handle. The banks made imprudent loans to finance this and when profit was not realized, these loans went unpaid...Caused by over-speculation and too-easy credit.

Panic of 1873

Financial panic in which banks closed and the stock market crashed

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

Dakota War

One of the earliest Indian Wars. Occurred in Minnesota. Involved a large number of Sioux. Signed a treaty with US gov to live on a small reservation, they were nomadic hunter gatherers.

Indian Wars

1850 to 1890; series of conflicts between the US Army / settlers and different Native American tribes

Treaty of Fort Laramie

1851 treaty that restricted Indians to specific areas away from the major trails

Sand Creek Massacre

In Colorado territory in 1864, U.S army colonel John M. Chivington led a surprise attack on a peaceful Cheyenne settlement along Sand Creek River. The Cheyenne under Chief Black kettle tried to surrender. First he waved the America Flag and the White flag of surrender. Chivington ignored the gestures. The U.S army killed about 200 Cheyenne during the conflict

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Pacific Railroad Act

(1862) helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Ghost Dance Movement

a Native American movement that called for a return to traditional ways of life and challenged white dominance in society

Wounded Knee Massacre

mass killing by U.S. soldiers of as many as 300 unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1890

Buffalo Bill Cody

This former pony express rider and Indian fighter and hero of popular dime novels for children traveled around the U.S. and Europe and put on popular Wild West shows. The shows included re-enactments of Indian battles and displays of horsemanship and riflery

Anne Oakely

an American sharpshooter and folk heroine who starred in Buffalo Bill's Wild West

Turner Thesis

argued that the frontier was the key factor in the development of American democracy and institutions; he maintained that the frontier served as a "safety valve" during periods of economic crisis.

manifest destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Horace Greeley

An American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Republican party, reformer and politician He helped support reform movements and anti-slavery efforts through his New York Tribune newspaper

Seminole

(n). a member of an American Indian people of the Creek confederacy and their descendants, noted for resistance in the 19th century to encroachment on their land in Georgia and Florida. Many were resettled in Oklahoma

Indian Removal

(1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.

Cherokee

Are a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.

Worcester v Georgia

The court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distinct community in which the laws of Georgia had no force

Treaty of New Echota

Signed by only 500 Cherokee Indians who were bribed saying that all 17,000 Cherokee's must leave within 2 years to go to land in Louisiana Territory. IF not they would be forced to leave by the United States Army on the Trail of Tears.

Black Hawk War

The chief of Sauk tribe, led rebellion against US; started in Illinois and spread to Wisconsin Territory; 200 Sauk and Fox ppl murdered; tribes removed to areas west of Mississippi

Comanche

lived in South Plains; fierce fighters; learned to ride horses and hunted buffalo

Texas Revolution

the 1836 rebellion in which Texas gained its independence from Mexico

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Battle of San Jacinto

(1836) Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas

Treaty of Velasco

Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign it recognizing the Republic of Texas.

John Slidell

Sent by Polk to Mexico to negotiate Texas independence and purchase of California and New Mexico - was ignored by Mexican Government

US Mexican War

A war fought over the annexation of Texas and a border dispute. Mexico thought the border of Texas was at the Nueces River and the U.S. thought the border of Texas was at the Rio Grande.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Winfield Scott

United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

gold rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Monroe Doctorine

Policy set by President Monroe warning Europe to keep out of the Western Hemisphere

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

James K Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico; never came into fruition

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

"Uncle Tom's Cabin"

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Stephen Douglas

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine

popular sovreignty

a principle which states that all government power comes from the people

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Republican Party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers

Scott v Sandford

The 1857 Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Market Revolution

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Incorporation

A process that extended the protections of the Bill of Rights against the actions of state and local governments

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Putting-out system

A system developed in the eighteenth century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry.