AP HG UNIT 5

subsistence agriculture

production that occurs with the intent to provide for the farmers family or local community

Large scale commercial agriculture

Involves the use of advanced tech, technologies, mechanization and significant investment ( goal is to become highly productive)

Commodity chain

all of the different activities and processes that go into produce in our project (production, distribution and scale of the project)

Linkages

connections between different industries, sectors, or places (think trade communication, migration, or the flow of goods and service)

economies of scale

as a company grows, it is able to reduce the average cost to produce its product (as companies get larger they have access to more capital which allows them to scale up production and produce more in a cheaper rate)

Carrying capacity

The maximum number of people, animals or crops that an area can support

Government subsides

A financial incentive or payment that is given by the government to support a specific industry company or individual. (The goal is to promote the production of certain products or promote certain practices.)

Value added crops

Agricultural products that have been processed in a way that increases their overall value

Community supported agriculture

A system of farming where consumers directly support local farmers by purchasing shares or subscriptions from the farmer in advance of the growing season

Organic farming

Farming that focuses on producing food with natural methods without different chemical, fertilizers, pesticides growth, hormones, antibiotics, or GMO's

Fair trade

trade between companies in developed countries and producers in developing countries, in which fair prices are paid to the producers

Food desert

an urban or rural community that lacks access to affordable, healthy, and fresh food people typically have to travel long distances to grocery store, lack their own personal vehicle, living in an impoverished community and often rely on fast food, restaurants, and convenience stores for food)

Contemporary agricultural challenges

sustainability

,soil and water usage,

reduction in biodiversity,

extensive fertilizer and pesticide use

,feeding a global population,

food distribution

,weather, and climate change

loss of arable land

Aquaculture

The rearing of aquatic animals and organisms

soil salinization

The process of salt accumulating in the soil, making it difficult for crops and plants to grow

Тerrace Farming

A method of agriculture that involves growing crops on the side of hills or mountains by creating terraces that are built into the slope

soil erosion

The wearing away and displacement of the upper layer of soil due to human, water, wind, or other natural forces

Irrigation

The movement of water from one place to another to help grow vegetation, or meet agricultural or landscaping needs

Pastoral nomadism

A type of agriculture where herders migrate with their livestock

Deforestation

The process of clearing a wide geographic area of trees and other vegetation

Supply chain

A network of all the individuals, organizations, resources, activities, and technology involved in the creation and sale of a product

Von Thunen model

explains how agricultural land use patterns are shaped by distance from a central market. The model predicts that different agricultural activities will be located in concentric rings around the market, with the most valuable and perishable goods produced closest to the market and less valuable, less perishable goods further away

bid rent theory

explains how land prices and real estate demand change in relation to distance from a city's central business district (CBD). The theory suggests that land value decreases as distance from the CBD increases, creating a gradient. This is because the CBD is where most commerce takes place, making residential apartments and retail spaces highly desirable and driving prices up

genetically modified organisms

Organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated through genetic engineering

Commercial agriculture

Agricultural production that occurs with the intent to sell the product for profit

Monocropping

The practice of cultivating one single crop year after year (farmers do not change the species of the crop or type of crop between growing seasons)

Fertilizer

A chemical or natural substance that when applied to the soil or land, it increases the fertility of the soil

Pesticide

A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms that are harmful to the cultivated plants or animals

Herbicide

A substance used for destroying unwanted vegetation

Green Revolution

characterized by significant increase in agricultural production due to the adoption of new high-yield crop varieties, extensive use of chemical, fertilizers and pesticides, and modern irrigation techniques

first agricultural revolution (neolithic revolution)

The transition from nomadic Hunter gathers societies to sedentary farming communities

fallow

refers to farmland that is intentionally left unplanted for a period of time to allow the soil to recover and restore its fertility

Yield

Refers to the amount of agricultural product produced on a specific area of land

Cash crop

crops that are grown for sale on the market and not eat for use by the grower

Plantation agriculture

intensive agriculture

Traditionally located in periphery countries and former colonies that are located in tropical climate

often grow either coffee, sugar, tobacco, or tea

Mixed crop and livestock

Intensive agriculture

Here farmers grow crops, such as corn and soy beans.

These crops are often used to feed and fat and livestock,

typically found in more economically developed countries

Market gardening (truck farming)

A type of agriculture that is found in geographic areas that have longer growing seasons, such as a southeastern part of the United States

it is a type of agriculture in which crops are grown for sale in local markets, rather than for distant shipment.

it can be cultivated both intensively and extensively. Intensive is more effective than extensive. Intensive uses techniques such as mulching, intercropping, and succession planting.

Green Revolution consequences

pesticides, environment degradation, and more monocropping

Shifting cultivation

a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers clear a piece of land, cultivate crops for a few years, and then move to a different plot of land when soil fertility declines. This practice is often associated with tropical regions and is sometimes referred to as 'slash-and-burn' agriculture.

nomadic herding

a form of subsistence agriculture that involves moving livestock from one grazing area to another based on the availability of pasture and water. This practice is often seen in arid or semi-arid regions where conditions do not support permanent farming.

ranching

is a form of agriculture focused on the raising of livestock for meat, wool, and other products. It typically involves the extensive use of land where animals graze in large pastures.

transhumance

is a seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures, often practiced in mountainous regions or areas where climate conditions vary throughout the year.

long lot

A land division method used primarily in agriculture, where land parcels are long and narrow, allowing multiple plots access to a waterway or road.

mets and bounds

A system of land surveying that uses natural landmarks and measurements to define property boundaries.

township and range

A system of land surveying used in the United States, which divides land into squares, forming a grid for land division and management. Visible in the U.S

fertile crescent

A historical region in the Middle East known for its rich soil and early agriculture, where civilization first developed. It is recognized as one of the first areas to transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled farming communities.

2nd agricultural revolution

refers to a period of agricultural development characterized by innovations such as crop rotation, selective breeding, and the introduction of new crops, which significantly increased agricultural productivity and efficiency.

enclosure movement

A period of land privatization in England that transformed agriculture, moving from common land use to individual land ownership.

mediterranian agriculture

A type of farming practiced in regions with Mediterranean climates, characterized by the cultivation of olives, grapes, and various fruits and vegetables.

seed hybridization

The process of cross-breeding plants to produce offspring with desirable traits, improving crop yields and resistance.

Colombian exchange

refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa)

Important crops from the columbian exchange

include maize, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco introduced to Europe and wheat, sugarcane, and coffee brought to the Americas.

disease spread in the colombian exchange

Major diseases introduced to the New World included:

1. Smallpox

2. Measles

3. influenza

   all had devastating effects on Indigenous populations.