Quiz G

Chronological age

the exact amount of time an individual has lived, measured in years, months, and days from their birthdate to a specific date

Difference threshold

the minimum amount of change in a stimulus (e.g., light, sound, weight) required for a person to detect a difference 50% of the time

Dispositional attributions

the tendency to assign the cause of a person's behavior to their internal characteristics_such as personality, traits, abilities, or motivations_rather than external circumstances

Elaboration likelihood model

a persuasion theory proposing that attitudes change through two distinct route_central and peripheral_depending on a person's motivation and ability to scrutinize a message

Fixed mindset

the belief that intelligence, talent, and abilities are innate, unchangeable traits rather than skills developed through effort

Functional fixedness

a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used

Growth mindset

the belief that abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort, learning, and persistence rather than being fixed traits

Informational influence

a psychological phenomenon where individuals conform to the beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of a group because they believe the group possesses accurate knowledge, particularly in ambiguous or uncertain situations

Mere exposure effect

a psychological phenomenon where people develop a preference for things, people, or stimuli simply because they are familiar with them

Mental age

a measure of an individual's intellectual and emotional development compared to the average capability of different age groups

Misinformation effect

a memory phenomenon where exposure to misleading information after an event causes individuals to inaccurately recall or alter their memory of that event

Negative skew

a type of distribution where the data is concentrated on the right side of the graph, causing the tail to extend to the left towards lower values

Normative influence

the pressure to conform to group norms to be liked, accepted, or avoid social rejection

Optimistic explanatory style

a cognitive framework where individuals interpret negative events as temporary, specific, and external, while viewing positive events as permanent, pervasive, and internal

Outgroup homogeneity effect

a cognitive bias where individuals perceive members of their own group (ingroup) as diverse and unique, while viewing members of other groups (outgroup) as interchangeable, "all the same," or highly similar

Peer review

the essential, expert_driven evaluation process used to ensure the validity, quality, and originality of scholarly research before publication

Personal attributions

the cognitive tendency to explain human behavior by focusing on internal characteristics_such as personality, traits, abilities, or motives_rather than external situational factors

Pessimistic explanatory style

a cognitive framework where individuals habitually attribute negative events to internal (it's my fault), stable (it will last forever), and global (it affects my whole life) factors

Positive skew

a distribution where the mean is higher than the median, and a long tail extends towards higher values on the right

Refractory period

a natural recovery phase following climax, primarily in males, during which additional erections or orgasms are physically impossible

Resting potential

Resting potential is the stable, negative electrical charge maintained across a neuron's membrane when it is not actively sending signals,

Scatterplot

a data visualization tool that uses dots to represent the relationship, correlation, or trend between two numeric variables

Situational attributions

the psychological process of explaining a person's behavior by focusing on external circumstances, environment, or social context rather than their internal personality traits

Stereotype lift

a performance boost experienced by members of non_stereotyped groups when they make downward comparisons with a denigrated outgroup

Stereotype threat

a situational predicament where individuals feel at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group (e.g., race, gender, age), causing anxiety and reduced performance