Animal Science Lab Practical

What is the length of pregnancy for sheep

144 days - 152 days ( 5 Months)

Stages of lambing

Stage 1 Preparation: ends when water breaks

Stage 2 Lambing: 30 minutes- 2 hours (active labor)

Stage 3 Placenta Delivery: may be expelled with lamb or shortly after

Lamb birthing position

“superman position” = front feet and nose first, one fot in front of the other

Post-lambing care

lambs must breathe, stand, and nurse within the first hour

umbilicus dipped in antiseptic

Zoonotic disease transmission

1. direct contact

2. indirect contact

3. inhaled

4. ingested

5 kinds of PPE

1. coveralls

2. gloves

3. boots

4. masks

5. goggles

Why should lambs be weighed during processing

1. make sure they’re growing well

2. make sure they’re eating

3. track health

Why are ears tagged during lamb processing?

for identification

what are the numbers for on ear tags?

1st: last digit of the year they were born

2nd and 3rd: sex and birth order (1-50 = boys, 51-99 = girls)

why is tail docking performed in lambs?

to prevent fly strike (manure cakes on and attracts flies to lay eggs)

tools used for castration in lambs

1. hot docker (cauterizes)

2. burdizzo clamp (crushes nerves/vascular supply)

3. elastrator band (cuts off circulation and tail dies)

why are ewes supplemented with selenium/ lambs being injected with selenium/vitamin E after birth?

northeastern soil is deficient and deficiency in selenium leads to immune, muscle, and neurological dysfunction

Signs of a healthy ruminants

1. chewing cud

2. alert and interested

3. eating/drinking

4. lying down

5. normal herd behavior

6. no wounds

7. urinating/defecating

8. healthy breathing

signs of unhealthy ruminants

1. restless pacing

2. lethargy

3. isolation

4. loss of appetite

5. abnormal breathing

6. open wounds

7. limping

8. diarrhea/constipation

environmental factors that influence health

1. cleanliness

2. size of enclosure

3. availability of food and water

4. temperature

5. ventilation

6. population size

Normal vital signs of sheep

1. Temperature (F)

   1. 101-103.5

2. Heart rate (bpm)

   1. 60-120

3. respiratory rate (bpm)

   1. 12-24

4. Ruminations

   1. 1-2 per minute

Normal vital signs for goats

1. Temperature (F)

   1. 101-103.5

2. Heart rate (bpm)

   1. 60-120

3. respiratory rate (bpm)

   1. 12-24

4. Ruminations

   1. 1-2 per minute

Normal vital signs for cattle

1. Temperature (F)

   1. 100-102.8

2. heart rate (bpm)

   1. 40-80

3. respiratory rate (bpm)

   1. 10-36

4. ruminations

   1. 3 every 2 minutes

normal vital signs for horses

1. Temperature (F)

   1. 99-101

2. Heart rate (bpm)

   1. 24-44

3. respiratory rate (bpm)

   1. 10-24

normal vital signs for swine

1. Temperature (F)

   1. 101-103.5

2. Heart rate (bpm)

   1. 60-80

3. respiratory rate (bpm)

   1. 10-20

what is a withdrawal period?

the time from last drug treatment before an animal or animal product can enter food supply

PO

per os (by mouth)

ID

intradermal (neck or tail folds)

SC or SQ

subcutaneous (under all layers of skin, usually neck)

IP

intraperitineal (in the abdomen)

IM

intramuscular (in the neck of food animals)

IV

intraveinous (in veins)

IC

intracardial (inside the heart)

Which government agency assures the safety and efficacy of drugs and regulates labels?

Food and Drug administration

How is manure managed and stored at mapeline?

stored in tanks and used for fertilizer later

Parallel Parlor

Herringbone Parlor

Rotary Parlor

What is restraint?

physical, chemical, and psychological methods to limit or control animal movement

Why is restraint necessary?

1. maximize animal safety

2. maximize human safety

3. complete medical procedures

4. minimize animal stress

head restraint

lateral restraint

elizabethan collar

Grooming Sling

catch pole

cat hoods/muzzles

towel/bag

holding scruff

nose twitch

neck twitch

hobbles

stocks

cross tie

ear twitch

halter/lead rope

cattle chute

tail jack

hobbles

head locks

pig boards

chin hold

v trough

leg hold

shaker paddle

pig snare

bull ring

set on rump

show chain

chin hold

show stand

halter/lead rope

horn hold

What is the length of pregnancy in pigs?

3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days (114 days)

Normal farrowing for pigs

10-12 piglets per litter, 2-4.5 lbs, 2-3 hours, 15-20 minutes between each piglet, can be delivered backwards

need 85-90 degrees as newborns

gestation vs farrowing crate

gestation crate is only for pregnancy and has more space, farrowing crate is for birth and not long-term

Wean to estrus interval for sows

4-7 days

Weighing piglets

1-3 days old

to gauge health, monitor weight gqain, make breeding decisions

clip needle teeth/wolf teeth for piglets

1-3 days old

to limit piglet injuries and prevent damaging teats

dock tails for piglets

1-3 days old

prevent tail biting/chewing

Ear notching for piglets

1-3 days old

gives each piglet an ID # on left ear

right ear has litter #

Inject iron

1-3 days old

prevent iron deficiency and anemia

Castrate

3-14 days old

surgically

prevent breeding and lower aggression

What could alter a horse’s vital signs

1. environmental temperature

2. illness

3. exercise

4. stress

5. age

1. Submandibular facial artery

2. Transversal facial artery

Where should you feel for a digital pulse on a horse

underneath the fetlock

what is the significance of a bounding digital pulse

can signal inflammation/injury/etc

where should you listen to a horses heart, lungs, and cecum?

1. lungs = barrel of the horse on both sides

2. heart = underneath the armpit, can be either side

3. cecum = back, right side of the barrel

6 areas to assign a BCS on a horse

1. right behind the shoulder

2. over the ribs

3. either side of tailhead/doclk

4. loin

5. either side of the wither

6. crest of the neck

3 reasons for shoeing a horse and how often?

1. treatment of medical conditions

2. traction/support during sports or jobs

3. basic hoof protection

farrier should come every 6-8 weeks

What is passive stay apparatus

PSA is made of ligaments, tendons, and muscles

allows sleep by locking front legs and ONE hind leg and requires very little energy

How is the California Mastitis Test performed

it is a somatic cell count done by adding a stained reagent to see the reaction in the milk