D136 Anatomy Exam II

The (--) includes the brain and the spinal cord.

CNS

The (--) includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia.

PNS

List the three general functions of the nervous system.

collect information, process and evaluate information, initiate response

(--): general senses such as touch, pain, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

somatic sensory NS

(--): impulses from blood vessels and viscera

visceral sensory NS

(--): voluntary; conducts impulses that cause contraction of skeletal muscles

somatic motor NS

(--): involuntary; conducts impulses that regulate smooth and cardiac muscle

autonomic motor NS

(--): electrically excitable cells that initiate, transmit, and receive nerve impulses

neurons

(--): nonexcitable cells that support and protect neurons

glial cells

(--): contains the organelles of the neuron

cell body; soma

(--): short processes that branch from the cell body that receive signals

dendrites

(--): only composed of dendrites and a body cell

dendrites

(--): where the axon connects to the cell body

axon hillock

(--): side branches off the main axon

axon collaterals

(--): fine extensions at end of axon and collaterals

terminal arborizations

(--): expanded regions at the tips of arborization

synaptic knobs

(--): cytoplasm within the neuron’s cell body

perikaryon

(--): intermediate filaments that form neurofibrils, which help support cell extensions

neurofilaments

(--): dendrites and axons are all on one side of the cell body

unipolar

(--): dendrites and axons are on opposite sides of the cell body

bipolar

(--): many dendrites and a single axon; the most common

multipolar

(--): afferent; transmit impulses about stimuli from sensory receptors to CNS

sensory neurons

(--): efferent; transmit impulses from CNS to muscles or glands

motor neurons

(--): association neurons; retrieve, process, and store information; communicate between sensory and motor

interneurons

Sensory neurons come from the (--) root while motor neurons come from the (--) root.

posterior, anterior

Which does not belong to the peripheral nervous system?

spinal cord

The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the (--) division.

sensory

Which is *not* a function of the motor division of the nervous system?

transmits impulses from viscera

The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the (--) (--) division.

somatic sensory

Which is *not* characteristic of neurons?

high mitotic rate

The part of the neuron responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses is the (--).

cell body

Glial cells differ from neurons in that they (--).

are smaller and are capable of mitosis

The most abundant glial cell in the CNS is the (--).

astrocyte

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the (--).

oligodendrocyte

(--): the most abundant glial cell in the CNS; connected to both capillaries and neurons

astrocyte

(--): line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord; produce cerebral spinal fluid and held form choroid plexus

ependymal cells

(--): small cells that move through CNS and engulf debris

microglial cells

(--): myelinate the axons of the CNS; can produce myelin sheets for multiple neurons

oligodendrocytes

Which glial cell myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system?

neurolemmocytes

(--): regulate fluid around neuron bodies in PNS ganglia

satellite cells

(--): (Schwann cells), form myelin around PNS axons

neurolemmocytes

Which statement is true regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte?

Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.

A nerve impulse travels fastest along (--) axons of (--) diameter.

myelinated, large

(--): an impulse jumps from one neurofibril node to another

saltatory conduction

(--): impulse travels along the entire length of membrane

continuous conduction

(--) play an important role in regeneration of damaged PNS axons

neurolemmocytes

(--): membrane around each individual axon

endoneurium

(--): membrane around each fascicle

perineurium

(--): membrane around the entire nerve

endoneurium

(--): connections between synaptic knobs and dendrites

axodendritic

(--): connections between synaptic knobs and soma

axosomatic

(--): connections between synaptic knobs and axon

axoaxonic

The endoneurium is composed of (--).

areolar connective tissue

The epineurium is composed of (--).

dense irregular connective tissue

(--): involve gap junctions between joined cells; rare in the nervous system

electrical synapses

(--): involve release of neurotransmitter

chemical synapses

Neurons are grouped into patterns known as (--).

neural circuits

(--): impulses come together to a single postsynaptic neuron

converging

(--): impulses spread from one presynaptic neuron to many postsynaptic neurons

diverging

(--): cyclical stimulation of the circuit

reverberating

(--): several neurons process information simultaneously

parallel-after-discharge

Which is not a type of neural circuit?

triangular

(--): folds of the brain

gyrus

(--): depressions between the folds of the brain

sulcus

(--): toward the nose of the brain

rostral

(--): towards the tail of the brain

caudal

(--): early forebrain

prosencephalon

(--): early midbrain

mesencephalon

(--): early hindbrain

rhombencephalon

(--): from prosencephalon; forms cerebrum

telencephalon

(--): from prosencephalon; forms thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

diencephalon

(--): only primary vesicle that does not form a new secondary vesicle

mesencephalon

(--): from rhombencephalon; forms pons and cerebellum

metenchephalon

(--): from rhombencephalon; forms medulla oblongata

myelencephalon

(--): composed of cell bodies and form cerebral nuclei

grey matter

(--): composed of myelinated axons; in the center of the brain

white matter

(--): connective tissue that separate brain from bones, protect blood vessels, and circulate cerebral spinal fluid

cranial meninges

(--): thin, innermost layer adhering to brain

pia mater

(--): has web of fibers called arachnoid trabeculae; intermediate layer

arachnoid mater

(--): area between arachnoid and pia

subarachnoid space

(--): tough outer layer with two sublayers; the deeper (--) layer and the superficial (--) layer

dura mater, meningeal layer, periosteal layer

(--): separates left and right cerebral hemispheres

falx cerebri

(--): horizontal fold that separates cerebrum from cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

(--): separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres

falx cerebelli

(--): small septum between pituitary and hypothalamus

diaphragm sellae

Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?

dura mater

(--): located within the superior margin of falx cerebri

superior sagittal sinus

(--): located within inferior margin of falx cerebri

inferior sagittal sinus

(--): located within posterior border of tentorium cerebelli

transverse sinuses

(--): located in posterior vertical border of falx cerebelli

occipital sinus

There are two (--), one in each cerebral hemisphere. They are separated by a (--).

lateral ventricles, septum pellucidum

The (--) is located in the diencephalon.

third ventricle

The (--) is located between the pons and cerebellum.

fourth ventricle

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the (--).

choroid plexus

The CSF flows from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle via the (--).

interventricular foramen

The CSF flows from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle via the (--).

cerebral aqueduct

Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by (--)

arachnoid villi

The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the (--).

cerebrum

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is/are the (--).

corpus callosum

Hemisphere lateralization refers to the (--).

functional differences between the right and left hemispheres