Concepts Exam 4 study guide - book notes

Who created the gate control theory?

Melzack and Wall (1965)

What provides the most practical model regarding the concept of pain and describes the transmission of painful stimuli?

gate control theory

Ability to feel painful stimuli and initiated by nocioreceptors that are activated by injury

Nocioception

What are the four specific physiologic process involved in nocioception?

transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation of pain

Activation of pain receptors

transduction

Pain sensations traveling along a pathway to higher centers

transmission

When stimulus for pain is present

perception

Process that pain is inhibited or modified

modulation of pain

T/F: pain receptors are afferent

true

What are 2 kinds of pain receptors?

fast conducting A fibers and slow conducting C fibers

Minimum intensity of a stimulus that is perceived as painful

pain threshold

What is produced at neural synapses that block pain and have prolonged analgesic effects?

endorphins

What are natural opioid compounds that are morphine like chemicals found in the brain and spinal cord?

Neuromodulators

What are the 4 ways pain can be classified?

duration, localization, location, and its etiology

What is initiated by nocioreceptors that are activated by damaged tissues and is a representative of the normal pain process?

nocioceptive pain

a term that is sometimes used interchangeably with genetics, but it more directly addresses the transmission of genetics

heredity

An international 13 year collaborative research program whose goal was to map the genes in human DNA

Human Genome Project

Provided the largest public catalog of human genome data available to date while focusing on identifying genetic variances

1000 Genomes Project

What are the 3 trends that growth and development follow?

cephalocaudal development, proximodistal development, and symmetric development

Cephalocaudal development

head and brain develops first, followed by the trunk/legs/feet

Proximodistal Development

gross motor movement progress (lifting head) to fine motor movement (picking up a toy with the fingers)

Symmetric development

both sides of the body develop equally

Give an example of how growth and development are differentiated and integrated.

as nerve pathways develop, they become more specialized allowing the child to respond to different stimuli

What is the most intense period of speech development?

between age 3-5

What is the best way to identify people at risk for diseases?

genetic testing and family history tools

What is the study of the changes that occur in organisms due to modification of gene expression and hereditability?

epigenetics

What ages have a greater risk in problems with fetal development?

less than 15 years of age and older than 35 years of age

What influences all stages of development?

environment and nutrition

What emphasizes the effect of instinctual human drives on behavior?

Sigmund Freud's theory

What does libido mean?

general pleasure-seeking instincts rather than purely genital gratification

What are the four major components of the mind according to Freud's theory?

the unconscious mind, the id, the ego, and superego

What is the id?

pleasure principle

What is the superego a part of?

the conscience

What is the oral stage?

0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

What is the anal stage?

8 months-3 years; development of neuromuscular control of the anal sphincter

What is the phallic stage?

3-6 years, genital pleasure center, Oedipus & Electra complex, conflict and resolution with the parent of the same sex

What is the latency stage?

ages 7-12 years, increasing sex role identification with the parent of the same sex prepares the child for adult roles and relationships

What is the genital stage?

12-20 years, reawakened sexual instincts with the goal of reproduction, mature sexual relationships

Learning occurs as a result of the internal organization of an even in which a plan is formed and serves a base as one grows and develops

the cognitive development theory, Jean Piaget (1969)

4 stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Sensorimotor stage

from birth-2 years of age, during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

preoperational stage

2-6 or 7 years of age, during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

concrete operational stage

6 or 7-11 years of age, during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

age 12-15 years, during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

What is the theory expanded on Freud's work to include cultural and social influences in addition to biological processes?

Erik Erikson's developmental theory

What four major organizing concepts is Erikson's theory based upon

stages of development, developmental goals, psychosocial crises, and process of coping

development is a continuous process with distinct stages, characterized by the achievement of developmental goals that are affected by the social environment and significant others

Erikson

What age group focuses on the end result of achievement and gains pleasure from finishing projects to recieve recognition?

school aged children

When would role confusion occur?

if the adolescent is unable to establish identity and a sense of direction

What are tasks of a young adult?

establish close, honest, loving relationships and making committments to others

Believed that living and growing are based on learning, and that a person must continually learn to adjust to changing conditions

Robert J. Havighurst (1972)

Learned behaviors are what, according to havighurst?

developmental tasks

A psychiatrist trained in psychoanalytic perspective that studied people between the ages of 16 and 60 years

Roger Gould

Ages 18-22 years

leaving the parent's world

Ages 22-28

getting into the adult world

Ages 29-34

questioning and reexamination

Ages 35 to 43 years

midlife decade, this age group tends to look inward and question themselves

Ages 43-50

adults accept the reality of boundaries for the lifespan and believe that personalities are set

Ages 50 and older

stability and acceptance

What may have a strong effect on psychosocial development?

environmental and cultural influences

When does human growth and development begin?

the moment the ovum is fertilized by the sperm

How long does the pre-embyronic stage last?

3 weeks

3 distinct cell layers of a zygote

endoderm, mesoderm (becomes the skeleton), and ectoderm (becomes brain, spinal cord, and nervous system)

How long does the embyronic stage last?

4th-88th week of pregnancy

By the end of the embryonic stage, what has been established?

all organs, bones are beginning to ossify, and some human features are recognizable

When is the embryo most vulnerable to congenital anomalies?

embryonic stage

How long does the fetal stage last?

week 9 to birth

At what point can the heartbeat be heard by the Doppler?

12 weeks gestation

When are the fetus's liver and pancreas function and sleep wake patterns are established?

second trimester (24 weeks gestation)

What is the average neonate birth weight?

7.5 lbs

What can vitamin and mineral deficiencies result in?

fetal megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects

When does a neonate become an infant?

1 month

What is helpful in diagnosing failure to thrive condition?

serial height, weight, and head circumference and comparing to a growth chart

What are teaching ranges for family members of an infant?

providing basic info about prevention of diaper rash to facilitating grieving in parents who have a lost a baby to SIDS

When should immunizations start?

during the first year of life

How often are vital signs assessed in hospitalized patients with elevated temps, high or low BP, change in pulse, or respiratory difficulty?

every 4 hours

Normal newborn vital signs

T: 97.2-99.9, P: 95-179, RR: 30-60, BP: 70/40

Normal infants vital signs

T: 96-99.7, P: 85-170, RR: 30-50, BP: 85/37

Toddler normal vital signs

T: 96-99, P: 70-150, RR: 20-40, BP: 88/42

Child Normal Vital Signs

T: 96-99, P: 65-130, RR: 15-25, BP: 95/57

Adolescent normal vital signs

T: 96.4-99.5, P: 60-115, RR: 12-20, BP: 102/60

Adult Normal Vital Signs

T: 96.4-99.5, P: 60-100, R: 12-20, BP: 120/80

What is the result from a wave of blood being pumped into the arterial circulation by the contraction of the left ventricle?

peripheral pulse

What does the strength of the pulse reflect?

the amount of blood ejected with each beat of the heart

Where is the aplical pulse heard?

over the apex of the heart

What is an alternate way to assess pulses that may be difficult to palpate?

Doppler ultrasound device

What does respiration involve?

ventilation, diffusion, perfusion

What is diffusion?

exchange of o2 and co2 between alveoli

What is perfusion?

exchange of o2 and co2 between circulating blood and tissue cells

Normal, unlabored respiration

eupnea

What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures?

pulse pressure

What does long term regulation of blood pressure involve?

regulate extracellular fluid volume through the kidneys

What helps regulate BP?

humoral mechanisms and hormones

What causes vasoconstriction in the arterioles?

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, through angiotensinogen II

Phase 1 of the Korotkoff sounds

Characterized by the first appearance of faint but clear tapping sounds, systolic pressure

What notes the second number when the sounds completely disappear?

diastolic presure

The disappearance of the sound during the latter part of phase 1

auscultatory gap

What composes self concept?

all feelings, beliefs, and values associated with I or me

Who proposed the self representations of "good-me" and "bad-me" based reflected appraisals of the self?

sullivan (1953)

Who developed the attachment theory that describes modes by which a young child develops and maintains feelings about self?

bowlby (1969)