Intro to Anatomy

Endocrine System

Pituitary, Adrenal, Pineal Glands, Hypothalamus, Thyroid.
(Produce and Secrete Hormones)

Reproductive System

testes, ovaries, penis, uterus.
(Produce Offspring)

Lymphatic System

lymph nodes and lymph vessels
(Clean system of bacteria and foreign matter)

Skeletal System

Bones, Cartilage, Bone marrow.
(Support and Protect organs, Produce Blood Cells)

Muscular System

Muscles, Ligaments, Tendons.
(Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth)
Movement and produce heat.

Integumentary System

Skin, Hair, Nails.
(Temp. regulation, protection of deeper tissues)

Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord.
(Fast-Acting control of the body)

Urinary System

Kidneys, Urethra, Ureters, Bladder.
(Rid the body of Nitrogenous waste, Regulate water, and Acid-Base Balance in the Blood)

Digestive System

Stomach and Intestines.
(Break food down)

Respiratory System

Nose, Lungs, Bronchi.
(Exchange Gasses with external Environment)

Circulatory System

Heart and Blood.
(Provide gasses and nutrients to cells within the body)

Transverse

Sagittal

Frontal (Coronal)

Cephalic

head

Cranial

skull

Facial

face

Frontal

forehead

Ocular or orbital

eye

Nasal

nose

Otic

ear

Buccal

cheek

Cervical

neck

Oral

mouth

Mental

chin

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Antecubital

front of elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Trunk

Torso

Thoracic

thorax or chest

Mammary

Breast

Abdominal

abdomen

Umbilical

navel

Pelvic

pelvis

Carpal

wrist

Palmar

palm

Digits (phalanges)

fingers and toes

Manual

hands

Inguinal

groin

Pubic

pubis

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

kneecap

Crural

leg

Tarsal

ankle

Hallux

great toe (big toe)

Acromial

shoulder

Dorsal

back

Olecranal

back of elbow

Lumbar

lower back (loin)

Gluteal

buttock

Popliteal

back of knee

Sural

calf

Calcaneal

heel of foot

Plantar

bottom of foot

Proximal

closer to the trunk (Torso)

Superficial (external)

closer to the surface of skin

Medial

closer to the midline

Anterior

closer to the front side

Dorsal

closer to the back side

Posterior

closer to the back side

Ventral

closer to the back side

Distal

further from the trunk of the body

Deep

further on the inside of the body

Lateral

further away from the midline of the body

Inferior

towards the lower end of the body

Superior

towards the top end of the body

Caudal

towards the lower end of the body (further from the head)

Cranial

towards the top end of the body (towards the head)

Positive Feedback

an imbalance that your body is increasing to reach a goal.
Ex. pregnancy or blood clotting.

Negative Feedback

an imbalance that is corrected or reversed by the body.
Ex. high temperature or fever.

Why are negative feedback mechanisms important?

without it, your body can't correct imbalances which would have a negative impact on how the body can function.

What are the four most common elements found in the body in the order of importance?

1. Oxygen
2. Carbon
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen

What is the name of the fluid where cells and blood cells exchange nutrients?

Interstitial Fluid

What is the name and type of molecule that holds your genetic information?

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) - Nucleic Acid

Ionic

one atom transfers electrons to the other.

Covalent

atoms are sharing valence electrons

Hydrogen

weak bonds found within/between polar molecules and DNA

What do your cells use carbohydrates for, and what is the name of the preferred energy source?

carbohydrates are used for energy - preferred molecule is glucose

List the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest (atom-organism).

1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Cell
4. Tissue
5. Organ
6. Organ system
7. Organism

What four reasons make water vital to life?

1. high heat capacity
2. cushions vital organs
3. universal solvent
4. important reactant in chemical reactions throughout the body

Why are proteins important for cells? Give examples of proteins in the body.

Versatile, they make up 50% of organic matter in the body.
Ex. enzymes and antibodies.

What is the function of a lipid? What are some examples of lipids?

storage of energy, cell membrane structure.
Ex. phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids.