Chapter 2

Energy

the capacity to do work

work

to move something

potential energy

energy stored in an object, but not currently doing work

chemical energy

potential energy in molecular bonds

free energy

potential energy available in a system to do useful work

kinetic energy

energy of motion, doing work

Heat

kinetic energy of molecular motion

decomposition reactions w/ example

large molecules breaks down into two or more smaller ones

Starch to glucose

synthesis reaction w/ example

two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one

Amino acid to protein chain

Reaction rates increase when…

-Reactants are more concentrated
-Temp rises
-Catalyst is present

metabolism

All of the chemical reactions of the body

catabolism

Break down molecules, releasing energy.

anabolism

Construct molecules, requiring energy.

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

polymers

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

relationship of monomers and polymers

monomers make up polymers

Monomers are linked together by

dehydration synthesis

polymers are broken apart by

hydrolysis

dehydration synthesis

Monomers covalently bond together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolisis

splitting of a polymer by the addition of water

Carbohydrate primary function in body

Energy

carbohydrate monomers

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Monosacarides

simple sugars (small enough to go through cell membrane)

Disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose (two monosaccharides put together, too big for cell membrane)

Polysaccharides

Glycogen (only one in human body - in liver and skeletal muscles)

Starch

energy storage in plants that is digestible by humans

Cellulose

Structural component of plant cell walls, important for human fiber

Are carbs hydrophobic or hydrophilic

hydrophilic

4 types of Lipids

fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides

Fatty acids

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

Triglycerides monomers

Three fatty acids linked to glycerol (neutral fats, used for energy storage and padding/insulation)

Triglycerides are formed by _ and broken down by __.

Dehydration Syntesis, Hydrolysis

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

hydrophobic

phospholipids monomers

phosphate head, glycerol, 2 fatty acids

steroid monomer

modification of cholestrol (parent steroid)

Protien monomer

Chains of amino acids

amino acid structure

a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group

peptide bonds

The bonds connecting amino acids together to form polypeptide chains.

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or pH

Primary structure of protein

sequence of amino acids

secondary structure of protein

folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds, alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

tertiary structure of protein

3D shape of protein, globular and fibrous

globular proteins

proteins that are water soluble (bodily fluids)

fibrous proteins

proteins shaped like long fibers (skin, hair, nails)

quatermary structure

two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule (hemoglobin)

Protein functions

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances

enzymes

proteins that act as biological catalysts

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction, without undergoing a chemical change itself

Site of the enzyme surface where substrate molecules binds

Active site

Nucleic acids monomers

nucleotides

Three components of nucleotides

Nitrogenous base (adenin, guanin, cytosine, thymine, or uracil)
Sugar (ribose or deoxiribose)
One or more phosphate groups

Nucleic acids are _ in human body

DNA, RNA, ATP

DNA

contains genes

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

ATP

Body's most important energy transfer method