Unit 2 PG. 9.8 - 12

For the genus chlamydia

Chlamydia trachomatis is?

the best known pathogen of the group

Chlamydia trachomatis causes?

blindness in humans

For ______________

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is:

Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common STD in U.S.

For __________________

It cause pelvic inflammatory disease in?

Chlamydia trachomatis, women, eye infections and pneumonia in infants born to infected mothers

Genus Chlamydophila

Chlamydophila psittaci causes?

Respiratory disease psittacosis (ornithosis); a form of pneumonia (p. 705)

Chlamydophila psittaci’s common mode of transmission is?

inhalation of dried particles from droppings

Who's most at risk for Chlamydophila psittaci?

Pet stores employees and turkey farmers

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

chlamydophila pneumonia is common in?

young adults

Chlamydophila pneumoniae îs transmitted from...?

Person to person; very common illness, nearly 50% of U.S. population what een shown to be exposed to it

What is the Gram reaction and shape of Rickettsias?

Gram-negative rod-shaped or coccobacilli (p. 298)

Are Rickettsias obligate intracellular or extracellular parasites?

Obligate intracellular parasites (Fig. 11.1b)

What structure do Rickettsias possess as shown in Fig. 11.1a?

Slime layer (Fig. 11.1a)

How are most Rickettsias transmitted?

Most have Arthropod vectors; transmitted by bites of insects and ticks

How do Rickettsias enter their host cells?

By inducing phagocytosis

What group of diseases do Rickettsias cause?

Cause diseases in the spotted fever group

What disease is caused by R. rickettsii and what is its vector?

Rocky Mountain spotted fever; ticks

What disease is caused by R. prowazekii and what is its vector?

Epidemic typhus; lice

What disease is caused by R. typhi and what is its vector?

Endemic murine typhus; rat fleas

What effect do Rickettsia infections have on blood capillaries?

Infections damage the permeability of blood capillaries, resulting in spotted rash

What is unique about the cell walls of Archaea?

Cell walls lack peptidoglycan (P. 318)

Archaea rRNA sequences differ from those of?

Domain Bacteria or the eukaryotic organisms

Are there any Archaea known pathogens?

No known pathogen

What types of environments do Archaea typically live in?

Extremophiles, including halophiles (high salt), thermophiles (high temp), and acidophiles (low pH)

What are halophiles?

Archaea that thrive in high salt environments

What are methane-producing Archaea called?

Methane-producing methanogens (Methanobacterium)

What are methanogens used for?

Used for sewage-treatment processes

Where can methanogens be found naturally?

Normal flora (found in vagina, colon, and mouth)

Are methanogens aerobic or anaerobic?

Strictly anaerobic

What is an example of an Archaea species found in extreme environments?

Pyrodictium abyssi (Fig. 11.27)

What does PCR (polymerase chain reaction) indicate about soil bacteria?

PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria per gram of soil (P. 319)

Why have many bacteria not been identified?

They haven't been cultured, need special nutrients, are part of complex food chains requiring the products of other bacteria

Why is PCR used?

To uncover the presence of bacteria that can't be cultured in the lab

How are eukaryotic organisms categorized?

Based on their modes of nutrition.

What are the two sources of matter for eukaryotic organisms?

Organic and inorganic sources.

What defines an organic molecule?

An organic molecule contains both carbon and hydrogen (e.g., CH₄, C₆H₁₂O₆).

What defines an inorganic molecule?

An inorganic molecule does not contain both carbon and hydrogen (it could have one or neither), e.g., NaCl, H₂O, CO₂.

From what two sources can organisms obtain energy?

Light or chemical sources.

What is autotrophism?

Autotrophism is when organisms do not require organic food and can live on inorganic molecules plus an energy source.

What are photosynthetic autotrophs?

Photosynthetic bacteria that use light energy to make food from inorganic molecules.

What are chemoautotrophs?

Some bacteria that use chemical energy to make food from inorganic molecules.

What is heterotrophism?

Heterotrophism means "feeders on others", requiring organic energy and carbon sources.

What is chemoheterotrophism?

A type of nutrition used by almost all medically important microbes, and by all fungi, protozoa, and animals.

What is parasitism?

A type of heterotrophic relationship where one organism lives at the expense of another.

What is saprophytism (or saprotrophism)?

A form of heterotrophism where organisms live on dead organic matter (decay).

What is a STD caused by Chlamydia trachomatis? where is it common?

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV;), common in tropical regions.