ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

chapter 1: introduction to characteristic of life

Anatomy

is the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another.

Physiology

the study of the function of the those body parts

2 TYPES OF ANATOMY

Gross Anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

3 types of gross anatomy and their studies

Surface Anatomy (external body)

Regional Anatomy (specific region of the body)

Systemic Anatomy (specific organ system)

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

2 types of microscopic anatomy and their studies

Cytology (studies of cells)

Histology (studies of tissues)

4 types of physiology and their studies

Neurophysiology - studies the brain and nervous system.

Cardiovascular Physiology - studies of the heart and blood vessels.

Systemic Physiology - studies body organ-system

Cellular Physiology - studies body cell

Levels of structure organization

chemical

cellular

tissue

organ

organ system

organism level

The smallest level of organization. Chemicals can range from very small atoms to larger structures called molecules.

Chemical Level.

Molecules combine to form cellular structures. Compartment and organelles. examples are mitochondria, nucleus.

Cellular Level

Two or more cells with similar structures and functions work together to carry out a specific function. Four broad types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous,

Tissues Level

two or more tissue types acting together to perform functions. Ex: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney.

Organs

group of organs contributing to some function. Ex: digestive system, reproductive system.

Organ System Level

all organ systems working together. Including the associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria.,

Organisms Level

Characteristics of life

organization,

metabolism,

responsiveness,

growth,

development,

reproduction

Organization

functional interrelationship between parts.

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism. And the ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes.

Responsiveness,ability to sense and respond to environmental changes.

ability to sense and respond to environmental changes. Includes both internal and external environments.

Growth

can increase in size, size of cells, group of cells, extracellular materials.

Development

changes in form and size. Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized—differentiation.

Reproduction

formation of new cells or new organisms, generation of new individuals, tissue repair.