chapter 1: introduction to characteristic of life
Anatomy
is the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another.
Physiology
the study of the function of the those body parts
2 TYPES OF ANATOMY
Gross Anatomy and Microscopic Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
3 types of gross anatomy and their studies
Surface Anatomy (external body)
Regional Anatomy (specific region of the body)
Systemic Anatomy (specific organ system)
Microscopic Anatomy
deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
2 types of microscopic anatomy and their studies
Cytology (studies of cells)
Histology (studies of tissues)
4 types of physiology and their studies
Neurophysiology - studies the brain and nervous system.
Cardiovascular Physiology - studies of the heart and blood vessels.
Systemic Physiology - studies body organ-system
Cellular Physiology - studies body cell
Levels of structure organization
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism level
The smallest level of organization. Chemicals can range from very small atoms to larger structures called molecules.
Chemical Level.
Molecules combine to form cellular structures. Compartment and organelles. examples are mitochondria, nucleus.
Cellular Level
Two or more cells with similar structures and functions work together to carry out a specific function. Four broad types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous,
Tissues Level
two or more tissue types acting together to perform functions. Ex: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney.
Organs
group of organs contributing to some function. Ex: digestive system, reproductive system.
Organ System Level
all organ systems working together. Including the associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria.,
Organisms Level
Characteristics of life
organization,
metabolism,
responsiveness,
growth,
development,
reproduction
Organization
functional interrelationship between parts.
Metabolism
the sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism. And the ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes.
Responsiveness,ability to sense and respond to environmental changes.
ability to sense and respond to environmental changes. Includes both internal and external environments.
Growth
can increase in size, size of cells, group of cells, extracellular materials.
Development
changes in form and size. Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized—differentiation.
Reproduction
formation of new cells or new organisms, generation of new individuals, tissue repair.