Fe Science Lecture Notes

Flashcards covering cells, organelles, body systems and other biological topics

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Cell Membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Chloroplast

Part of the plant cell that makes photosynthesis possible.

Nucleus

Controls all activities within the cell.

Fixed Shape - Plant Cell

Plant cells have a cell wall.

Ribosomes

Cell organs that produce protein.

Mitochondria

Found in both plant and animal cells and responsible for respiration.

Eukaryotic

Plant and animal cells are this, meaning they have a nucleus.

Cytoplasm

The internal parts of a cell are suspended in this gel-like liquid.

Vacuole

Fluid-filled organelle; contributes to shape and firmness; helps support plant by maintaining rigidity.

Cell Wall

Gives cell its shape; provides protection, framework, and rigidity.

Mitochondrion

Responsible for respiration; releases energy in the cell.

Cellulose

What cell walls are made of.

Chloroplast Function

Allows the plant to photosynthesize; contains chlorophyll.

Nucleus Function

Carries genetic material.

Cytoplasm Function

Holds all the cell's parts (organelles); helps keep the membrane in place.

Organelles

Tiny structures found floating within cells.

Cellulose

Main building block of plant cell walls.

Chloroplast

Produces food using sunlight.

Mitochondrion

Releases energy during cellular respiration

Chloroplast

Organelle only in leaf cells.

Chromosomes

Are located inside the nucleus; store genetic information.

Cell Membrane

Holds cell together and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Semi-Permeable Membrane

A membrane that allows small molecules to pass through but blocks larger molecules.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance where chemical reactions take place and where organelles float.

Nucleus

Controls all vital cell functions.

DNA

Carries inherited traits.

Mitochondrion

The powerhouse of the cell; produces energy via cellular respiration.

Vacuole

Stores water, sugars, and salts in plant cells.

Unicellular Organism

An organism made of one cell.

Multicellular Organism

An organism made of many cells.

Specialized Cells

Cells adapted for a specific function.

Palisade Cell Function

Traps sunlight energy during photosynthesis; contains pigment (chlorophyll); large surface area for gaseous exchange

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Organ

A structure made from different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

System

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.

Stem Cells

Cells that can divide and develop into many other cell types.

Therapeutic Cloning

Using stem cells to repair or replace damaged tissues or organs.

Ciliated Epithelial Cell Function

Moves dust and germs away from these areas to keep them healthy; tiny hairs called cilia brush mucus away.

Sperm Cell Function

Carries DNA to the egg during fertilization; has a tail for swimming and enzymes to break egg membrane.

Root Hair Cell Function

Absorbs water and minerals; has long and thin parts to reach outwards and increase surface area.

Red Blood Cell Function

Carries oxygen to all parts of the body; contains hemoglobin and is flat and flexible to squeeze through the blood vessels.

Ernst Ruska

Invented the TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) in 1930.

TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope)

Uses beams of electrons to magnify the specimen

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

Electrons bounce off the surface of the specimen; lets you see the surface in three dimensions.

Gerd Binnig & Heinrich Rohrer

Invented the SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) in 1981.

Photomicrographs

Photographs taken with a light telescope.

Electron Micrographs

Photographs taken with an electron telescope.

Micrograph

A photograph taken through a microscope.

Light Microscope/Compound Microscope

A microscope that uses light and lenses to magnify specimens.

Eyepiece lens & objective lenses

Magnify the specimen in a Light Microscope.

Revolving Nosepiece

Allows you to change objective lenses in a light microscope.

Coarse Focus Knob

Focuses at high magnification on a light microscope.

Stage

Platform for the slide in a light microscope.

Clips

Holds the slide in place in a light microscope.

Mirror/Light Source

Illuminates the specimen on a light microscope.

Arm

Used to carry the microscope.

Life

Constantly happening in the body, even during sleep.

Life Processes

Heart pumping, breathing, waste removal, and nerve signaling are examples of this.

Systems

Organs work together in these to carry out life processes in the human body.

Purpose of Digestion

To break food into smaller units so it can pass into the blood and be used for energy.

Alimentary Canal

A long tube from the mouth to the anus where digestion takes place.

Mouth

Food is chewed and mixed with saliva during digestion here.

Esophagus

Transports food to the stomach during digestion.

Stomach Function

Mixes and digests food to be soluble in water during digestion.

Small Intestine Function

Food is absorbed into the bloodstream during digestion.

Large Intestine Function

Absorbs water into the bloodstream during digestion.

Liver Function

Stores sugar and breaks down poisons during digestion.

Ulcer

Broken stomach lining that allows acid to damage the stomach wall.

Diarrhea

Bacteria and protists get into your drinking water and infect people, causing people to become dehydrated and lose weight.

Liver Cirrhosis

Long-term damage of the liver, often caused by excessive alcohol or viral infection.

Liver Damage Mechanism

Separates working liver cells with scar tissue, so the liver cannot work properly in Liver Cirrhosis.

Anorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder where a person will stop eating even though they have access to healthy food.

Why Anorexia is Dangerous

Person become very thin and it affects kidney + reproductive system.

Nose & Mouth

Air enters the respiratory system during breathing.

Bronchi Function

Carry air from the windpipe into the lungs

Lungs Function

Air sacs allow gas exchange with blood vessels.

Breathing

Movement of air in (inhalation) and out (exhalation) of lungs.

Gaseous Exchange

Movement of gases across membranes.

Cellular Respiration

Breakdown of glucose in cells to release energy.

Asthma Attack

Airways swell, muscles tighten, and mucus blocks airways during an asthma attack.

Causes of Lung Cancer

Cancer-causing substances in cigarette smoke.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

Coughing up blood, chest pain, and shortness of breath are all symptoms of this.

Lung Cancer Treatments

Chemotherapy & radiation therapy.

How Cancer Affects Lungs

Cancer cells in lungs divide and form harmful tissues called tumors.

Symptoms of Asthma

Wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of air passages which can be caused by infection, pollution, or smoking

Main Function of Musculoskeletal System

Support and protection of the body.

Helps the Body Move

Muscles attached to bones

Antagonistic Muscles

Work in pairs - one contracts while the other relaxes.

Red Bone Marrow

Blood cells are made here.

Biceps

Muscles on the front of the upper arm.

Triceps

Muscles on the back of the upper arm.

Parts of Musculoskeletal System

Bones, ligaments, cartilage, tendons, and muscles are examples of this.

Triceps

What opposes the biceps when it contracts.

How Many Bones are in the Human Skeleton?

206

Rickets

Caused by lack of Vitamin D

Symptoms of Rickets

Soft spots on a baby's head, bony necklace, curved bones, big lumpy wrists, and bowed legs are symptoms of this.

How To Get Vitamin D

Through sunlight and eating dairy products

Arthritis

Cartilage at joints breaks down and becomes thin.