final exam

Franco-Prussian War

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

who attempted to stop german unification and was captured in battle?

Luis Napoleon

Who unified Germany?duringww1

Otto von Bismarck

Crimean War

war fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other.

treaty of paris 1856

ends Crimean War, Russia Keeps Crimea but no navy or military presence allowed

Treaty of San Stefano

Treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1878 where Russia gained Bulgaria, ENDS THE TURKISH WAR

Dual Alliance

Germany and Austria-Hungary, russia

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

who was the Austrian heir and assassinated in Sarajevo?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand(key term) which is a serbian terorrist group

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Trench Warfare

a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

All Quiet on the Western Front

Erich Maria Remarque

trench warfare horrors

dead bodies, urine, feces, rats, weather, pts

Battle of Verdun

(1916) the longest battle of World War I; it ended in stalemate, with both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties

Battle of the Somme

Failed allied offensive that resulted in a lot of loss of life.
single deadliest battle in british history

Battle of Gallipoli

Also known as the Gallipoli campaign, it took place at the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey. French operation meant to capture the capital city Constantinople and to secure a sea route to Russia. This failed, with nearly half a million casualties.

the ottoman victory was led by

mustafa kemal

Sinking of the Lusitania

Cruise ship that was sunk by German submarines and helped bring the US closer to involvement in WWI

Zimmerman Note

Message proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico

Rasputin

Russian peasant monk who was able to influence Russian politics by gaining the confidence of the Czarina

White Revolution

The term used by the shah to describe reforms in Iran between the end of World War II and the downfall of his regime in 1979. TSAR abddicates the throne

Alexandar Kerensky

set up the provisional gov

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army

Red Revolution

Communists overthrow the provisional government in Russia

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Ludendorff Offensive

the last German push in WWI

John Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

Weimar Republic

the republic that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan(KEY), League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Red Line Agreement

A deal struck between Amer/Brit/French oil companies concerning oil resources within territories of former Ottoman Empire within the Middle East.

Belfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews help in WWI

Black Tuesday

A name given to October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Black Shirt March

Mussolini and his followers marched to Rome and were not stopped by the Italian army; led to fascist seizing power

Paul von Hindenburg

President of the Weimar Republic of Germany who appointed Hitler Chancellor in 1933

Reichstag Fire

-blamed fire on Communist
-led to Enabling Acts

Enabling Act

enabled Hitler to get rid of the Reichstag parliament and pass laws without reference to parliament

Henrich Himmler

Leader of the SS

Nuremberg Laws

Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass," when Nazis attacked Jews throughout Germany

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

unification of german people

volk-under one flag

Lebensraum

living space taken from Jews and Slavs

Ubermensch

Promotion of German master race

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Anschluss

The annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938.

Gains Sudetenland

german speaking enclave

Danzig

A city that, prior to WWI, belonged to Germany. After WWI, when the lands near it became part of the Polish Corridor, it was declared a "free city" independent of any country. It was reincorporated into Nazi Germany in 1939.

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force),

Operation Barbarossa

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union. DEADLIEST BATTLE

Nanjing Massacre

Event in which Japanese soldiers murdered 300,000 Chinese men, women, and children after capturing the city of Nanjing

Iron Curtain Speech

Given by the former Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, in Missouri, in which he talks about the dangers of communism engulfing Europe.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

American couple executed for passing atomic secrets to Soviet agents

George Kennan

American diplomat who stressed the need to contain communism within its current borders-containment policy

Greece and Turkey

USA pledges support

Berlin Blockade

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist leader

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.

Mutually Assured Destruction

(MAD) if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same

John Foster Dulles

United States diplomat who (as Secretary of State) pursued a policy of opposition to the USSR by providing aid to American allies (1888-1959), POLICY OF MAD

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Secret Speech of 1956

denounces Stalin's policies and purges

Geneva Summit

1958; Meeting of Britain, France, US, and the Soviet Union to help resolve their differences; Largely failed

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

U-2 Incident

A 1960 incident in which the Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam, declares independence from France

Dien Bien Phu

french defeated here

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

Gulf ofTonkin Resolution

joint resolution of Congress passed in response to the minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident

My Lai Massacre

The killing of 200 Vietnamese old men, women and children by American soldiers

Imre Nagy

Communist leader who declared Hungary a free nation

Prague Spring

Reform movement:economics, speech, travel, media

Brezhnev Doctrine

the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.

Mujahideen

Islamic guerrilla fighters

Pope John Paul II

Outspoken critic of Communism in Poland

Lech Walesa

led protests

Solidarity

union that challenges polish communist party

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Perestroika

an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union(restructuring)

Glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Tinanmen Square

Protests led mainly by students and intellectuals; protests were sparked by the death of a pro-democracy and anti-corruption official, Hu Yaobang.

Boris Yeltsin

mayor of Moscow ends coup

Commonwealth of Independent States

an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991

new world order

commonly refers to the post-Cold War era vision in which world affairs would not be dominated by the competition between the two nuclear superpowers; a positive and hopeful vision for the future.

Manuel Noriega

Panama leader who was overthrown in a 1989 US invasion; Tried and imprisoned for drug trafficking

Operation Just Cause

invasion of Panama by the US

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Operation Desert Storm

the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region