APUSH Unit 3 More Than Vocab

Using this study guide: https://docs.google.com/document/d/11AcciEOBq7Rd9tFmLoOz8eHkVrYBuhUvKgW2OZgX6ss/edit

Albany Plan of Union

called for an intercolonial union to manage defense and Indian affairs, each colony would retain its own governments but united would be led by representatives and a single president; suggested by Benjamin Franklin to have a united front during wars with European powers; colonies feared giving up too much control to each other and to British crown; British rejected because it gave too much power to the colonies; overall failed

French and Indian War

France allied with Native Americans against Britain and their colonies (who also had allies with Iroquois); also known as the Seven Years’ War; had international impacts; ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1763 that made France cede territory from Canada to East of the Mississippi River to the colonies; caused tension and resentment in the colonies and a need for colonial militia to protect them

Proclamation Line of 1763

Declared by King George III, done to protect Native tribes from colonial expansion; prevented British settlement west of Appalachian mountains and protected Indian rights to western lands; any colonists already settled there had to leave, infuriated colonists and did too little to protect Native Americans, sparked resentment against British; ended after Revolutionary War with 1783 Treaty of Paris

Paxton Boys

A group of farmers in Pennsylvania who believed they could end tension and warfare and expand past the Proclamation line if Native Americans were all dead; wanted to kill them all, regardless of their alliances that may have been with the British; attacked a Delaware village and killed many; Benjamin Franklin and delegates had to negotiate to stop them; caused all Native Americans to be lumped together into one race and sparked unfiltered hatred

Stamp Act

required legal and commercial documents (newspapers, playing cards, contracts) to be printed on special paper showing an official stamp and required them to be paid for in British currency; created hardship for businesses and built resentment in ports where many dependent on the businesses; directly impact port workers and colonial businesses

Boston Massacre

Captain Thomas Preston (British) was stationed in Boston with his troops, causing tension and anger with the Bostonians. On March 5 1770 an angry crowd threw snowballs and other projectiles at the troops, and after being asked to disperse, a soldier fired without an order. Three were killed and two later died of wounds; fueled anger at British authorities and caused troops to be pulled from Boston; colonists lost trust in British troops and crown and were greatly angered by their actions

Revolutionary War Impact on African Americans

Potential freedom was offered by Spain if they ran away and defended the Florida border, made many escape; Somerset decision in England ruled that slavery was illegal in England but not in the colonies, created hope and resentment at the same time towards the colonies; inspired them to run away; slavery was more debated; had a chance to fight for freedom and prove status in society

Second Continental Congress

An assemblage of delegates from all the colonies that first met on May 10, 1775; gathered after the battles of Lexington and Concord to organize war and strategy against British; accomplished declaring Independence (1776), adopting the Articles of Confederation, and conducting the revolutionary war

Thomas Paine and Common Sense

A pamphlet that circulated the colonies written by Thomas Paine during the time of revolution and questioning declaring independence; argued that the monarchy was always a bad way for people to be governed, said the time was right for the colonies to declare Independence; shaped public opinion and inspired more rebellion and support for independence within the colonists and in turn pushed for the delcaration’s signing

Newburgh Conspiracy

Attempted coup d’etat and military dictatorship in March 1783; soldiers and officers were stuck waiting for a year and a half after final revolutionary battle, left bored and unpaid; took a petition from Newburgh to Congress asking for pay; under the Articles of Confederation taxes couldn’t be collected so money was not there to pay the soldiers; caused deadlock in Congress because Federalists suggested passing the import tax to allow own government fundraising, but DRs did not want a national government fueled by national taxes or a standing army; Horatio Gates and followers saw Washington as too moderate a leader; Newburgh address was when officers met to discuss military action, and Washington interrupted, gave a speech, and convinced them to drop it

Shays’ Rebellion

led by white farmers in western Pennsylvania; after fighting the war many came back to massive debt; banks began seizing land and homes, also taking away the farmers’ way of paying off their debts; taxes had also risen to handle national debt; farmers petitioned the state legislature for relief from economic hardships when foreclosure was threatened; the legislature blamed the farmers; they went to the courts with arms and demanded shutdowns over the course of the year, with riots getting more and more violent; Washington and the national army had to intervene; proved that the nation coudln’t act when it ended to under the articles of confederation and that something had to change

British Landholdings

British forts were left in Ohio-Indiana-Kentucky regions after the Revolutionary War and no one told them that the war was over. When Americans started expanding they tried to stop them thinking that they still had to enforce the Proclamation Line. They didn’t believe them (they’d only believe officials and the crown) when they told them they had lost. This caused suspicion between both parties and the British were accused of restricting rights to westward expansion and breaking treaties

Six Nations

The Iroquois Confederacy, British allies

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

1784, created temporary peace between one faction of the Iroquois and the US government; wanted to end violent battles over land in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio River Valley; failed because of tense negotiations between Native Americans and Congress; U.S. did not want to cede territory demanded but the Articles of Confederation limited defense capabilities

Annapolis Convention

Conference of state delegates that issued a call in September 1786 for a convention to consider changes to the Articles of Confederation; sparked by more issues the Articles represented; economic rivalry between states led to battles over navigation rights on Potomac between Maryland and Virginia and boundary disputes between New York and Vermont; no business was done but it inspired future action with the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and instilled the idea of a new constitution

Loyalists

Colonists loyal to Britain and the British government; about 1/5 of the colonists; stayed loyal throughout the Revolutionary War

Patriots

the colonial rebels; wanted independence and America as a nation; supported the Revolution and independence attempts; known as rebels or traitors; against the British government and its actions

Prince Hall

Born a slave but freed before the Revolution, he played a leading role in abolishing slavery in Massachusetts and created the African Lodge of Masons in Boston. He made it clear that African Americans are free but not at all equal

Northwest Ordinance

Banned slavery in the newly acquired northwest territoires of the colonies; provided for public school and sale of government land; changed the way lifestyles would spread to the new territory; no slavery meant southerners were less likely to settle there than northerners; beginning of no-slavery mindset; impacted western land development because of the lifestyle limitations

Republican Motherhood

the belief that women should have more rights and a better education so that they might support husbands and raise sons who would actively participate in the political affairs of society; moved women from anti-social caregiver lifestyles to becoming more educated; roles were limited but still expanded a bit; they’d shape the nation from home

Anti Federalists

Opposed to the ratification of the Constitution and a strong national government; wanted states to retain their power and people to maintain their liberties; feared that a larger government would mean little control and that it would trample the rights of sovereign states and individual liberties; required the Bill of Rights to sign the Constitution

National Bank

Created by Alexander Hamilton as the secretary of the Treasury; first federal bank; chartered in 1781; issued currency for the country and stabilized the economy; nation needed a way to manage debt after the revolutionary war and needed a stable economy; believed that a currency was needed because all states had their own; would allow the US to make loans and expand credit available to help businesses

Whiskey Rebellion

Caused by the whiskey tax passed to raise more revenue; western Pennsylvania farmers were creating whiskey out of corn their biggest crop; made it easier to transport to markets; the tax stole profit; farmers rebelled and riots got bigger; Washington had to act and took troops to the riots and scared them away; proved federal authorities’ power and pushed for its hate or love

Debt Assumption Plan

Hamilton’s idea as Secretary of the Treasury; he believed it necessary because the government could not finance needed activites to pay bills; few investors trusted the states to pay back debts; private businesses couldn’t thrive; war veterans couldn’t get paid; states would be allowed to focus more on recovery without debt; United states would seem more trustworthy if they could pay it back; tax policies would help raise the money

Pickney’s Treaty

Treaty with Spain that set the border between the United States and Spanish Florida; Georgians were beginning to settle in Florida territory and they had to set boundaries to avoid unnecessary conflict; pushed Florida border further south and westward to Mississippi; opened Mississippi River and port of New Orleans to the United States

George Washington’s Warning

during his farewell address, he warned against establishing and getting involved in foreign affairs. he faerd getting involved in wars or hurting the new nation with bad relationships; suggested limited involvement with other countries

Alien and Sedition Acts

Three acts passed in 1798; Alien Act made it harder for new immigrants to vote because it lengthened the citizenship qualification time from 5 years to 14 years, and it deported anyone who was deemed a danger to the US by the President; Sedition Act was the heavily enforced act that made it illegal to criticize the US government, especially POTUS or Congress via speech or press; both hurt Adams’s reputation; passed because of the XYZ affair and anti-French mindsets of the nation; democratic republicans against, federalists supported; targeted immigrants, particularly French ones, and French supporters

Mid 1790s Political Parties

In the 1790s, the two major political parties in the United States were the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party.

The Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, supported a strong central government, a loose interpretation of the Constitution, and favored a pro-British foreign policy. They believed in promoting industry and commerce, and were generally supported by the urban elite.

The Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, advocated for states' rights, a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and favored a pro-French foreign policy. They believed in an agrarian society, with power decentralized among the states, and were generally supported by farmers and rural populations.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, these resolutions criticized the Alien and Sedition Acts and asserted the rights of states to declare federal law null and void within a state; exposed the sharp divide between parties on the acts; democratic republicans (jefferson) saw the resolutions as appropriate form of protest within USC framework as as basic state legislature right; federalists saw resolution as attacks on the federal government and the constitution

The Election of 1800

Democratic Republicans v. Federalists

Democratic Republicans had Thomas Jefferson and Burr running, and they each got 73 electoral votes

Federalists had Adams (65) and Pickney (64)

The House of Representatives had to be the tiebreaker and finally elected Thomas Jefferson after the 36 votes it took to get a majority

Doctrine of Nullification

allows states to declare federal laws null and void within states, emphasized by Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, unexpressed power in the Constitution