Physics (Gr.11)

Displacement

change in positions (Vector)

The greek letter delta represent change

Scalar

quantity with only magnitude

ex. 50m, 200kg, 40m/s

Vector

quantity with magnitude and direction

ex. 50m (E), 40 m/s (W)

Velocity

Rate and direction of an objects change in position

If the velocity is constant The object has uniform motion

Force

a push or pull measured in Newtons

1 N = 1kg (m/s^s)

Newtons First Law

Inertia is the resistance to change in motion

Depends on mass

“If the net force on an object is zero, the object will maintain its state of rest or constant velocity”

Newtons Second Law

“If there is a net force on an object, it will accelerate in a straight line in the direction of the net force”

Newtons Third Law

“For every action force, there is a reaction force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction”

Work

Work is the process of energy transfer

When a force is used to move an object. It measures the energy transferred to the object

Force and Displacement in the same direction

When work is done to an object it can lose or gain energy

Electrical Energy

a form of energy resulting from the flow of charged particle, such as electrons, through a conductor

Potential Energy

The potential of an object has to do work due to its position or configuration. It is stored energy that can be converted into kinetic energy.

Kenetic Energy

The amount of energy a moving object contains because it is moving

Heat energy

Energy that is transfer from one body to another as the result of a difference in temperature

Transverse Wave

the particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving

Longitudinal Wave

The particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is moving

Compressions and Rarefactions caused by vibrating objects

Frequency

the number of cycles per second measured in Hz (or 1/s)

Period

the time, in seconds, required to complete one cycle

Rarefaction

region of longitudinal wave where the particles are furthest apart

Commpression

region of longitudinal wave where the particles are closest together

Harmonics

Whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency

Frequency / Natural frequency

Pitch (high or low sounding notes)

The frequency at which a system oscillates when not subjected to a continuous or repeated external force

Intensity

Comes from its difference in air pressure that it causes. Pressure is force/area

Is the rate of transfer of this energy (power) per unit area (W/m²) Watts per unit area

Net force

the total of all the forces on an object.

Heat capacity

the amount of heat energy that is needed to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. (J/kg°C)

Wave length (λ ‘lambda’)

one complete wave/vibration/oscillation.

Amplitude

Loudness

the maximum displacement of the particle from its rest position.

Trough

the minimum point of a transverse wave.

Crest

the maximum point of a transverse wave.

Pitch

High notes have a high frequency. Low notes – low frequency.

Octaves

Doubling frequency produces the same note (one octave higher).

Current

Measured with an ammeter.

Alternating current periodically switches direction

Electrical Potential difference

Electric charge does not flow on its own. Excess charge causes a force of repulsion.

Work is done by the power supply to increase the electric potential energy of each coulomb of charge. As the charge flows through the load, its energy decreases.

A 1 volt battery performs 1 joule of work on 1 coulomb of charge between its terminals (potential

difference).

Measuring Potential difference → Voltmeter

Measures the potential difference between two points in a circuit.

Resistance

The resistor opposes the flow.

Does not change the current.

Once the current passes through the resistor, there is a loss of electric potential energy.

Acceleration

rate at which velocity changes over time

Balanced force

when two forces push against each other in opposite direction, balancing out

Unbalanced force

forces that are not equal in magnitude, causing it to go in a certain direction

Inertia

the property of a body to resist any change of its uniform motion

it wants to keep moving once in motion

Mass

a measurement of the amount of matter in an object

Energy

the transfer of energy from one object to another by a force that causes a displacement (movement)

 The law of the conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another

 Lenz’s Law

a fundamental principle in electromagnetism that states the direction of an induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it

Faraday’s Law

a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a circuit

 Motor Principal

a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field experiences a force

The laws of electrostatic attraction

Like charges repel each other, and opposite charges attract each other

 The laws of magnetic attraction

like poles of magnets repel each other, while opposite poles attract each other

Armature

the core of a galvanometer that is attached to a pring and free to rotate

Factors that affect the strength of an electromagnet

1. Current - double current = double field strength

2. # of loops - double loops = double field strength

3. Material of Core - iron > air (by about 1000x), non conductors do nothing

Ohms

resistance in volts/ampere

Causes loss in electric potential energy

Opposes the current

Coulomb (Q)

A bundle of electrons (called a charge)

Joule

a unit of energy equal to the work done by a force of one newton (N) moving through a distance of one meter (m)

Watt

The unit for power

1 J/s

Power

is the rate at which energy is transferred (doing work)

constructive interference

Amplitudes in the same direction producing supercrests and supertroughs

interference

At any point, the resulting amplitude of two interfering waves is the algebraic sum of the displacements of the individual waves

Node

Place in a standing wave where it does not move in amplitude

deconstructive interference at regular intervals

Loop or anti-node

the highest of lowest point in amplitude in a standing wave

supertrought or supercrests are created between nodes

Phase

the location of a point, in time on a cycle of the waveform

Field Winding

a coil of insulated wire wound around a core, typically a magnet pole, to create a magnetic field

Newton

It represents the amount of force needed to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second squared

Volt

the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a light

a unit of electrical potential difference

Ampere

the unit of measurement for the rate of electric current flowing past a point in one second

Rotor

In electric motors and generators, it's the rotating component that interacts with the stator magnetic field to convert electrical energy into mechanical motion or vice versa

Brushes

conductors used to transfer electrical current between stationary and rotating parts in an electrical machine, such as a motor or generator

Permanent Magnets

a type of magnet that retains its magnetic properties indefinitely, even after removing the external magnetic field

magnetic field is generated by the magnet itself

domain theory

the idea that ferromagnetic materials are composed of tiny, spontaneously magnetized regions called domains

Ferromagnetic (a property where certain materials (like iron) exhibit strong magnetic effects due to the alignment of their constituent atoms' magnetic moments)

Efficiency of a motor

1. Current

2. Magnetic Strength of the solenoid

3. Magnetic strength of the magnets

Quality of a sound

In a vibrating stretched string

• In the fundamental mode of vibrating, the string vibrates in one segment with a node on each end and one anti-node in the middle. This creates F 0 of the fundamental frequency

• Different frequencies can be produced by forcing the string to vibrate in different patterns. The frequency produced depends on the number of nodes and anti-nodes that are produced as follow

• second harmonic ( first overtone)

• third harmonic (second overtone)

• Frequencies of overtones are in simple whole numbered multiples of the fundamental are called harmonics

The quality of a musical note depends on the number and relative intensity of the overtones it produces along with the fundamental