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These flashcards cover key concepts and details on cellular respiration, including glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
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What is the main process that occurs in cells when oxygen is present and glucose is available?
Cellular respiration.
What alternative process do cells use to produce ATP when oxygen is not available?
Fermentation.
What is the first step of cellular respiration called?
Glycolysis.
What molecule is produced as a byproduct of pyruvate oxidation?
Carbon dioxide.
What is the energy currency of the cell that is synthesized during cellular respiration?
ATP.
In cellular respiration, glucose undergoes oxidation. What does this mean?
Loss of electrons from glucose.
What is a key byproduct of the citric acid cycle?
Carbon dioxide.
What high-energy electron carriers are produced during the citric acid cycle?
NADH and FADH2.
What happens to NAD+ during glycolysis?
It is reduced to NADH.
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
The process of forming ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate.
How much total ATP is produced from one glucose molecule during glycolysis?
Net gain of 2 ATP.
What are the two main phases of glycolysis?
Investment phase and payoff phase.
What molecules enter the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl CoA.
What does Acetyl CoA combine with to start the citric acid cycle?
Oxaloacetate.
What type of reaction does cellular respiration represent?
Redox reaction.
What is the reduced form of NAD+ called?
NADH.
During the oxidation of one molecule of glucose, how much energy is released?
Approximately 686 kilocalories per mole.
Where does most of the energy extraction take place in cellular respiration?
In the mitochondria.
What is the role of coenzyme A in cellular respiration?
To attach to the two carbon fragment, forming Acetyl CoA.
What is produced during oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP.
How is ATP generated during the citric acid cycle?
By substrate-level phosphorylation.
In what cellular structure does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae).
How many carbon atoms are released during the pyruvate processing stage for each glucose molecule?
Two carbon atoms.
What is the significance of the high-energy phosphate groups in ATP?
They carry energy for cellular processes.
What does the term 'investment phase' refer to in glycolysis?
The phase where ATP is consumed to initiate glycolysis.
What is the importance of the cristae in mitochondria?
They increase the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation.
Which step of cellular respiration involves the highest amount of ATP production?
Oxidative phosphorylation.