LING 104 QUIZ 1

consonants, vowels, notes questions (no transcriptions)

p

voiceless bilabial stop

b

voiced bilabial stop

m

voiced bilabial nasal

f

voiceless labiodental fricative

v

voiced labiodental fricative

θ

voiceless interdental fricative

ð

voiced interdental fricative

t

voiceless alveolar stop

d

voiced alveolar stop

n

voiced alveolar nasal

ɾ

voiced alveolar tap (only occurs intervocalically)

s

voiceless alveolar fricative

z

voiced alveolar fricative

ɹ

voiced alveolar approximant

l

voiced alveolar lateral

ʃ

voiceless post-alveolar fricative

ʒ

voiced post-alveolar fricative

j

voiced palatal approximant

k

voiceless velar stop

g

voiced velar stop

ŋ

voiced velar nasal

h

voiceless glottal fricative

ʔ

voiceless glottal stop

tʃ

affricate: voiceless alveolar stop INTO a voiceless post-alveolar fricative

dʒ

affricate: voiced alveolar tap INTO a voiced post-alveolar fricative

w

voiced labio-velar approximant

i

upper close front unrounded

ɪ

lower close front unrounded

ɛ

upper close-mid front unrounded

æ

upper open-mid front unrounded

ə

lower close-mid center unrounded (unstressed vowel)

ʌ

upper open-mid back unrounded

ɑ

open back unrounded

u

upper close back rounded

ʊ

lower close back rounded

ɔ

upper open-mid back rounded

aɪ (alpha)

dipthong (bite, hide)

aʊ (alpha)

dipthong (bout, round)

ɔɪ

dipthong (boy)

eɪ

upper close-mid front unrounded

oʊ

upper close-mid back rounded

rhotacized

water and bird, ɚ and ɝ

schwa ə

is an allophone of all other vowels in English, is only found in unstressed syllables in English

phonology

the description of the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in a language

phonemes

contrastive sounds in a language, considered “basic units of sound” in a language

minimal set/pair

words that differ in just one sound (time and dime), and the differing sound is in the same place

near-minimal set/pair

words that are a minimal pair but differ in more than one way, in order to count the area around the segment is identical (mission and vision)

allophones

sounds that do not contrast, are predictable, have “complementary distribution,” tap and glottal stop

transcription types

phonemic (broad)- just phonemes, phonetic (narrow)- exact allophones

respiratory system

source of power in speech sounds

vocal folds

vibration determines voicing of sounds

consonant

a sound where airflow is constricted somewhere in the vocal tract

vocal tract

lungs → windpipe → larynx → vocal folds

ease of articulation

methods of sounds use easier ways of creating the same sound