APHUG Unit 5 Vocab quiz pt 2

Market Gardening

When small farms grow vegetable, fruits, and flowers close to cities so they can sell them quickly and fresh to local markets (Farm to Table)

Example of Market Gardening (Truck Farming)

• Local farmers markets

• Independent grocery stores

• Farm to table restaurants in the city

Benefits of Market Gardening (Truck Farming)

• Very fresh produce

• Low transportation costs

• Supporting local economies

Flaws of Market Gardening (Truck Farming)

• Higher labor requirements

• Small scale limits total output

• Land near cities tend to be very expensive

• Income instability

Dairying

Milking animals and selling to make profit

Flaws of dairying

Greenhouse gas emission

Terracing

• Farming method, carving steps into mountainous landscapes to create arable fields

• Allows farmers to control water flow and irrigation

• Rice, wheat, and barley

Livestock Ranching

• Using extensive amounts of land to raise herds of livestock, later to sell as meat, hides, or wool

Example of Livestock Ranching

Anna Creek Station Cattle Ranch

Flaws in Livestock Ranching

• Deforestation

• Biodiversity

• Climate vulnerability

Benefits of Livestock Ranching

• Food and fiber production

• Employment opportunities

• Biodiversity and Maintenance

Plantation Agriculture

When one main crop is grown on a large farm in a tropical climate, using cheap labor, and sells the crops to other countries for profit

Example of Plantation Agriculture

Coffee plantations in Brazil

Benefits of Plantation Agriculture

• Producing large amounts of crops quickly

• Connects countries in the global south to international markets

Flaws in Plantation Agriculture

• Cheap labor

• Environmental damage

Horticulture

Growing things in more controlled areas (greenhouses, home gardens). Often a partner to agribusiness to grow more intensive plants

Example of Horticulture

RHS Wisley. Focused on floriculture and landscape horticulture (the cultivation of plants for decoration.

Flaws of Horticulture

• High startup costs

• High resource use (water, chemicals, fertilizers)

Benefits of Horticulture

• High land unit value

• More efficient land use

• Sustainable practices are more accessible than traditional agriculture

Mariculture

• Always in salt water

• Less controlled

• Farming salt water animals like shrimp and shellfish in the sea or coastal waters

Aquaculture

• Controlled (temp, food, environment)

• Varies in water type

• Farming living organisms in environments such as ponds, tanks, or cages

Example of Mariculture

• Longline farming - Ropes and floats in the ocean for mussels and oysters

• Sea Cage Farming - Cages in the open sea for salmon, tuna, and snapper

Examples of Aquaculture

• Caviar farming

Benefits of Mariculture

• Seafood supply

• Reduces pressure on wild fish

• Jobs creation in coastal areas

Benefits of Aquaculture

• Year round food production

• Controlled environment improves greater supply

• Supports rural economies

Flaws of mariculture

• Water pollution from waste

• Disease spread among farmed species

• Can harm local ecosystems

Flaws in aquaculture

• High setup and maintenance cost

• Risk of water contamination

• Escaped species can disrupt wild populations

Genetically modified food

Food made from plants or animals in which their DNA has been changed by scientists to improve traits like higher yield, pest resistance, or longer shelf life

Example of genetically modified food

The GM papaya - Made due to ringspot virus in papaya that was causing all papaya in Hawaii to be destroyed - The GM Papaya was created by scientists in order to combat the disease and it is still sold today.

Benefits of genetically made food

• Producing more food

• Improving resistance to pests & diseases - reducing crop loss

• Reduces the need for chemical pesticides

Flaws in Genetically modified food

• Can increase the dependence on large biotechnology companies

• Can reduce genetic diversity of crops

• Weeds and pests can develop resistance over time

Controversies of Genetically Modified Foods

• Health risks

• Environmental concern

• Ethical questions about altering nature and inadequate public information

Desertification

When once-fertile land becomes a desert as a result of climate variation/human activities

Flaws of Desertification

• Loss of biodiversity/ habitat destruction

• Food insecurity- the food you have is unreliable and inconsistent, crop failure/ reduced growth

• Decrease in drinking water reserves due to the loss of aquifers

Example of Desertification

The Sahel Region - Caused by: Climate change, overgrazing, deforestation, population growth

Soil Salinization

The accumulation of soluble salts in soil, which can hinder plant growth and reduce agriculture productivity

Flaws in salinization

• The salts - toxic to most plants & soil organisms

• Fertile land - unproductive wastelands

• Saline runoff - contaminate freshwater resource - making them unsuitable to use

Benefits of Salinization

• Can reduce water use & minimize salt accumulation

Example of salinization

The Mekong Delta (Vietnam) where saltwater intrudes, damaging rice crops

Soil Degradation

A decline in soil quality and soil health due to various factors, mainly human activities and environmental changes

Example of Soil Degradation

The US dustbowl - wind erosion, severe drought combined with intensive farming practices left exposed, leading to massive dust storms that devastated the farmland

Flaws of Soil Degradation

• Sedimentation in rivers & streams - negatively affecting aquatic ecosystems

• Rehabilitating degraded soils

• Land quality deteriorates - the ground loses the capacity to absorb water - rain flows over the surface

Overgrazing

Allowing too many animals to graze on land, causing vegetation loss and damage to the soil

Benefits of overgrazing

• Provides food and income through livestock production

• Allows use of dry or marginal land not suitable for crops

Flaws of overgrazing

• Removes vegetation faster than it can regrow

• Causes soil erosion and loss of fertile topsoil

• Reduces long term agricultural productivity

Organic Farming

Producing food using natural methods while minimizing environmental harm

Benefits of Organic Farming

• Improves soil quality

• Reduces chemical runoff

• Encourages biodiversity

Flaws of Organic Farming

• Higher prices limit accessibility

• Labor intensive

• Small farmers losing the ability to afford and getting a certification

Value-Added Specialty Crops

Crops that farmers turn into something extra in order to sell for more money instead of just selling them straight up

Examples of Value-Added Specialty Crops

• Jams and Jellies from berries

• Tomatoes to salsa/sauces

• Wine from grapes

Bee