AP HuG Ch. 5 Vocab

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry

Agricultural Revolution

The process that began when human being first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Agriculture

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock

Aquaculture/Aquafarming

The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

Cash Crop

A crop that is grown for sale rather than for the farmers own use

Cereal Grain

A grass that yields grain for food

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants and animal, as well as people, culture, and tech, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade

Commercial Agricultures

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

Commercial (for market) Gardening and Fruit Farming

Agriculture focusing on the production of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture

Conservation Tillage

A method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff

Crop

A plant cultivated by people

Crop Rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

Dairy Farm

A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products

Desertification

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal-grazing, and tree cutting

Dietary Energy Consumption

The amount of food that an individual consumes measured in kilocalories (calories in the US)

Double Cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field

Fishing

The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters

Food Security

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life

Genetically modified Organism (GMO)

A living organism that possesses a novel combination obtained through the use of modern biotechnology

Grain

Seed of cereal grass

Green Revolution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural tech, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers

Herbicide

A chemical used to control unwanted plants

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

A form of substince agriculture in Asia’s major population concentrations in which farmers expend a large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land

Milkshed

The area surround a city from which milk is produced

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans

Monocropping

The practice of growing the same, single crop year after year

No Tillage

A farming practice that leaves the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest left untouched on the fields

Organic Agriculture

Farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances

Overfishing

Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce

Paddy

The Malay word for “wet rice,” increasingly used to describe a flooded fish

Pastoral Nomadism

A form of substince agriculture based on herding domesticated animals

Pesticide

A substance to control pests, including weeds

Plantation

A large farm in a developing country that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale

Ranching

A form of commercial agriculture with which livestock graze over an extensive area

Ridge Tillage

A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs can promote greater soil conservation

Sawah

A flooded field for growing rice

Second Agricultural Revolution

An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock

Shifting Cultivation

A form of substince agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period

Transhumance

Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area

Truck Farming

Commercial gardening, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning “barter” or “exchange of commodities”

Undernourishment

Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity

Wet Rice

Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth