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Argument
A conclusion together with the premises that support it.
Premise
A reason offered as support for another claim.
Conclusion
A claim supported by a premise.
Valid
An argument whose premises genuinely support its conclusion.
Unsound
An argument that has at least one false premise.
Fallacy
An argument that relies upon faulty reasoning.
Booby-trap
An argument that, while not a fallacy itself, might lead an inattentive reader to commit an error.
Red Herring
A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.
Ad Hominem
A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.
Either – Or
A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two options exist. It is usually a false dilemma.
Band Wagon
A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.
Slippery Slope
A fallacy that assumes that taking the first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.
Non Sequitur
A fallacy that occurs when one claim doesn’t follow from the other.
The argument from Dubious Authority
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker supports an argument with an authority whose expertise lies outside the issue.
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
A fallacy that assumes a cause and effect relationship exists just because one event follows or coincides with another.
Begging the Question
A fallacy that occurs when the conclusion’s truth is assumed in the premise.
Genetic Fallacy
Rejecting an argument based on its origins rather than on its own merits.
Straw Man
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker attacks an argument, which is different from and usually weaker than the opponent’s best argument.
Vagueness (booby-trap not fallacy)
A lack of clarity or precision in language.
Equivocation
Using a term or expression in an argument in one sense in one place and another sense in another.