U.S. Foreign Policy and Global Security

These flashcards cover various aspects of US foreign policy, energy independence, and global security challenges, focusing on different presidential administrations and key events.

Why, despite being the world's largest oil producer, is the U.S. significantly affected by Russia's oil supply?

Because the U.S. cannot control production.

What event in December showcased a shift in global energy supply, where the U.S. surpassed Russia in supplying natural gas to Europe?

More than 30 tankers carrying liquid natural gas from the United States rerouted to the European Union, supplying more gas than Russia on those days.

What approach did U.S. policymakers generally follow in response to higher oil prices resulting from geopolitical crises or market tumult?

They try to get more oil on the market as soon as they can, usually by asking Saudi Arabia to increase petroleum production.

What has been the role of the United States since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War?

The US has enjoyed a period as the World's sole superpower, shifting the world from a 'bipolar' order to a 'unipolar' one.

What role does the United States play in international organizations such as the UN and NATO?

The United States plays a major role in various IGOs, including the UN and NATO, and also participates in the G7 & G20.

How did the Bush Doctrine influence US foreign policy following the 9/11 attacks?

It led to a 'hawkish' foreign policy, including the invasions of Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003).

Explain the concept of 'extraordinary rendition' as utilized by the CIA.

It involved transferring foreign nationals suspected of terrorism to countries where federal and international legal safeguards do not apply, often for detention and interrogation.

What is the significance of Guantanamo Bay in the context of US counter-terrorism efforts?

It is a naval base where suspected terrorists captured during the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan were housed, and detainees were not afforded the rights that US citizens enjoy.

What impact did Obama's policies have on the use of drone strikes and targeted killings?

Obama authorized the extensive use of drone strikes, leading to a disregard for state sovereignty and acceptance of civilian deaths.

Describe the 'Disposition Matrix' or 'kill list' employed during Obama's presidency.

It was a list of individuals suspected of terrorism activity, used for 'targeted killings' and contributed to criticism of the US's claim to be a beacon of light in the World.

How did the US contribute to global economic insecurity, as highlighted by the 2008 financial crisis?

The 2008 Financial Crisis had its roots in the US Financial Markets, with under-regulated, casino-style institutions wreaking havoc throughout the global economic system.

What steps has the US taken to address environmental insecurity?

Biden's "Build Back Better" Act contained over $850bn in provisions to fight climate change, and the Inflation Reduction Act could reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030.

What action did the US take after the 9/11 attacks?

Following the 9/11 attacks the US embarked on a 'hawkish' foreign policy following the Bush Doctrine. This included the invasions of Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003).

What were the effects of the US action following 9/11?

Made the US look like a "rogue state" bent on "imperial aggrandizement", Weakened and undermined international organisations – notably the UN & NATO, Destabilised Iraq and the wider region and left Iran as the dominant power within the region.