Ch 3 AP Study Guide

Cytokinesis

________ is the unequal separation of the cytoplasm and the organelles in it.

SER

________- membrane- bound tube- like structure that metabolizes lipids and transports them through the cell.

Chromatids

________ are each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division.

Flagella

________- long, whip- like structure on the surface of the plasma membrane that moves the cell.

Prophase

________- the nuclear membrane breaks down and chromatin coils tightly into chromosomes.

Exocytosis

________ describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell.

Golgi body

________ (apparatus)- a stack of membrane- bound sacs that make vacuoles.

Lysosomes

________- membranous "bags "that contain digestive enzymes to lysis (split) or break down food, old cell parts or bacteria.

RER

________- membrane- bound tube- like structure that has ribosomes studded on its surface.

Mitosis

________ is the equal division of the nucleus and DNA.

Spindles

________ form and migrate to opposite sides of the cell.

Interphase

________- cell increases in size and number of organelles; chromosome number doubles and DNA duplicates.

Microtubules

________- strands and small tubes that facilitate movement through the cytoplasm or at the base of cilia and flagella.

lipid bilayer

The ________ controls what comes in and out and the proteins help move larger molecules through.

Plasma membrane

________ forms a cleavage furrow.

Endocytosis

________ is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell.

Telophase

________- nuclear membranes reform around daughter nuclei.

Chromatin

________ is the material of which the chromosomes of organisms, except bacteria, are composed.

Nucleolus

________- make ribosomes, and ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed.

RNA

It consists of protein, ________, and DNA.

Peroxisomes

________- membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes to detoxify poisonous substances and reduce free radicals in the cells.

Anaphase

________- spindle fibers pull and separate sister chromatids.

Mitochondrion

________- bean- shaped, double membranous organelle that performs cellular respiration to break down sugar to release carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy.

Metaphase

________- centromeres of chromosomes align along equatorial plane; line up along middle.

active

energy required to move substances in or out of the cell.

Vacuole

________- membrane- bound organelles produced by the Golgi body that store wastes, water, and secretions.

porous double membrane

Is surrounded by a(n) ________ called the nuclear envelope.

Cilia

________- short, numerous extensions on the surface of the plasma membrane that move the cell or move things past the cell.

Passive

no energy required to move substances in or out of the cell.

Simple

one single layer

nucleus

largest organelle near center of cell. Is surrounded by a porous double membrane called the nuclear envelope. It stores genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromatin that controls all cellular function. It contains one or more dark masses called nucleoli that make RNA and ribosomes.

lesser concentration

Substances move from ________ to greater concentration.

greater concentration

Substances move from ________ to lesser concentration.

Centrioles

________- star- shaped pair of organelles that evenly divide genetic material.

Cytokinesis

________- unequal separation of the cytoplasm and the organelles in it.

Interphase

________ is mainly the growing and duplication of DNA.

        Centrioles

star-shaped pair of organelles that evenly divide genetic material

Cilia

short, numerous extensions on the surface of the plasma membrane that move the cell or move things past the cell

Flagella

long, whip-like structure on the surface of the plasma membrane that moves the cell

Only human cell

sperm

        Golgi body (apparatus)

a stack of membrane-bound sacs that make vacuoles

        Lysosomes

membranous "bags" that contain digestive enzymes to lysis (split) or break down food, old cell parts or bacteria

Microtubules

strands and small tubes that facilitate movement through the cytoplasm or at the base of cilia and flagella

        Mitochondrion

bean-shaped, double membranous organelle that performs cellular respiration to break down sugar to release carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy

Nucleolus

make ribosomes, and ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed

        Peroxisomes

membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes to detoxify poisonous substances and reduce free radicals in the cells

Plasma Membrane

controls what goes in and out of the cell and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

RER

membrane-bound tube-like structure that has ribosomes studded on its surface

Ribosomes

non-membrane bound organelles that manufacture proteins

SER

membrane-bound tube-like structure that metabolizes lipids and transports them through the cell

Vacuole

membrane-bound organelles produced by the Golgi body that store wastes, water, and secretions

The three main stages of cell division are

interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Interphase

cell increases in size and number of organelles; chromosome number doubles and DNA duplicates

Prophase

the nuclear membrane breaks down and chromatin coils tightly into chromosomes

Metaphase

centromeres of chromosomes align along equatorial plane; line up along middle

Anaphase

spindle fibers pull and separate sister chromatids

Telophase

nuclear membranes reform around daughter nuclei

Cytokinesis

unequal separation of the cytoplasm and the organelles in it

Epithelial

Protection, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion, and Senses

 i. squamous

flat

cuboidal

square

columnar

column (rectangle)

i. simple

single layer

stratified

multiple layers

Function

Provides support, protection, framework, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection

Types of connective tissue

Loose Connective Tissue or Areolar Tissue, Adipose Tissue (fat), Fibrous Connective Tissue, Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, and  fibrocartilage), Bone Tissue (Osseous), blood tissue

passive

 no energy required to move substances in or out of the cell

active

 energy required to move substances in or out of the cell

passive

no energy required to move substances into or out of the cell

passive mediated

 requires no energy but needs help to move larger substances into or out of the cell through the protein channel

Epithelial

Protection, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion, and Senses

squamous

flat

cuboidal

square

columnar

column (rectangle)

simple

single layer

stratified

multiple layers

Nervous

found in the brain, nerves, and spinal cord

Connective

Provides support, protection, framework, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection

connective

Loose Connective Tissue or Areolar Tissue, Adipose Tissue (fat), Fibrous Connective Tissue, Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage), Bone Tissue (Osseous), blood tissue

active

energy required to move substances in or out of the cell. Substances move from lesser concentration to greater concentration.

passive types

Diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.

passive mediated

requires no energy but needs help to move larger substances into or out of the cell through the protein channel.

What factors affect diffusion rates?

concentration of cells, temperature, and stirring.

chromosomes

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

What are the 3 main parts of a chromosome?

centromere and 2 chromatids

DNA: Gunanie

Cytosine

DNA: Adenine

Thymine

RNA: Gunanie

Cytosine

RNA: Adenine

Uracil

What are the organic chemicals that make up the plasma membrane?

a lipid bilayer with proteins mosaic throughout.

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelial tissues?

simple is one single layer and stratified is multiple layers.

differences between a mother cell and a daughter cell?

The mother cell undergoes cell division while the daughter cell is the result of cell division.

Hypertonic

the solution has a high concentration of solutes, the cell has a lower concentration than the solution, the water flows through the cell membrane out of the cell, and the result is the cell shrivels.

hypotonic

the solution has a low concentration, the cell has a higher concentration than the solution, water flows from the solution into the body, and the result is the cell swells and bursts.

isotonic

the solution has an equal concentration, the cell has an equal concentration, water has no movement, and the result is the cell neither shrinks nor swells.

3 types of muscular tissue

smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle

stratified

multiple layers