Ch 3 AP Study Guide

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY                                  Name ________________________

\ Study Guide Chapter 3

\

  1. Know the functions of cellular organelles:

\         Centrioles - star-shaped pair of organelles that evenly divide genetic material

\ Cilia / Flagella

  • Cilia - short, numerous extensions on the surface of the plasma membrane that move the cell or move things past the cell
  • Flagella - long, whip-like structure on the surface of the plasma membrane that moves the cell. Only human cell - sperm

\         Golgi body (apparatus) - a stack of membrane-bound sacs that make vacuoles

\         Lysosomes- membranous “bags” that contain digestive enzymes to lysis (split) or break down food, old cell parts or bacteria.

\         Microtubules - strands and small tubes that facilitate movement through the cytoplasm or at the base of cilia and flagella

\         Mitochondrion - bean-shaped, double membranous organelle that performs cellular respiration to break down sugar to release carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy

\ Nucleus- largest organelle near center of cell. Is surrounded by a porous double membrane called the nuclear envelope. It stores genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromatin that controls all cellular function. It contains one or more dark masses called nucleoli that make RNA and ribosomes.

\         Nucleolus - make ribosomes, and ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed

\         Peroxisomes- membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes to detoxify poisonous substances and reduce free radicals in the cells.

\         Plasma Membrane- controls what goes in and out of the cell and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

\ RER - membrane-bound tube-like structure that has ribosomes studded on its surface. Metabolizes proteins and transports them through the cell

\ Ribosomes - non-membrane bound organelles that manufacture proteins. Found on the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm.

\ SER - membrane-bound tube-like structure that metabolizes lipids and transports them through the cell

\ Vacuole - membrane-bound organelles produced by the Golgi body that store wastes, water, and secretions

\ \ \

  1. Be able to label organelles on a cell diagram (study quiz, worksheet, or book diagrams)

 

  1. Be able to discuss the three main stages of cell division and what occurs during each phase.

Also, know the phases of mitosis in order and the changes that occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm during each phase.

  • The three main stages of cell division are: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase is mainly the growing and duplication of DNA. Mitosis is the equal division of the nucleus and DNA. Cytokinesis is the unequal separation of the cytoplasm and the organelles in it.
  • Stages of Mitosis
  • Interphase - cell increases in size and number of organelles; chromosome number doubles and DNA duplicates.
  • Prophase - the nuclear membrane breaks down and chromatin coils tightly into chromosomes. Spindles form and migrate to opposite sides of the cell. Nuclelous dissolves
  • Metaphase - centromeres of chromosomes align along equatorial plane; line up along middle
  • Anaphase - spindle fibers pull and separate sister chromatids.
  • Telophase - nuclear membranes reform around daughter nuclei. chromosomes uncoil into loose chromatin. spindle deteriorates and doubles, nucleoli reforms.
  • Cytokinesis - unequal separation of the cytoplasm and the organelles in it. Plasma membrane forms a cleavage furrow. Two daughter cells are formed.

\ \

  1. Be able to recognize slide shots of cells from 4 types of human tissue and classifications of each type.  Also know general functions, shape, & structure for multiple choice.

\         1.  Epithelial - Protection, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion, and Senses

\

  • Shapes

\  i. squamous - flat

\ ii. cuboidal - square

\ iii. columnar - column (rectangle)

\

  • Layers

\ i. simple - single layer

\                         ii. stratified - multiple layers

\         2.  Muscular

\                 A) smooth muscle tissue

\ \                 B) cardiac muscle tissue

\ \                 C) skeletal muscle

\ \         3. Nervous

A) found in the brain, nerves, and spinal cord

\ \         4.  Connective

  • Function: Provides support, protection, framework, fills space, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection
  • Types of connective tissue: Loose Connective Tissue or Areolar Tissue, Adipose Tissue (fat), Fibrous Connective Tissue, Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, and  fibrocartilage), Bone Tissue (Osseous), blood tissue

\ \

  1. What is the difference between passive and active transport?
  2. passive: no energy required to move substances in or out of the cell. Substances move from greater concentration to lesser concentration.
  3. active: energy required to move substances in or out of the cell. Substances move from lesser concentration to greater concentration.

\ \

  1. What are types of passive transport?
  2. \ Diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.

\ \

  1. What is the difference between passive transport and passive mediated transport?
  2. passive: no energy required to move substances into or out of the cell. passive mediated: requires no energy but needs help to move larger substances into or out of the cell through the protein channel.

\

  1. What factors affect diffusion rates?
  2. concentration of cells, temperature, and stirring.

\ \

 9. What are differences between chromatin, chromatids, and chromosomes?

  1. chromatin is the material of which the chromosomes of organisms, except bacteria, are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA. chromatids are each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA. chromosomes are a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

\ \

  1. What are the 3 main parts of a chromosome?
  2. centromere and 2 chromatids

\ \

  1. What are the complementary bases in DNA?        in RNA?
  • DNA: Gunanie - Cytosine, Adenine - Thymine
  • RNA: Gunanie - Cytosine, Adenine - Uracil

\ \

  1. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
  • Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell. Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell.

\

  1. -What are the organic chemicals that make up the plasma membrane? a lipid bilayer with proteins mosaic throughout.

-What function does each play in the role of cellular transport? the lipid bilayer controls what comes in and out and the proteins help move larger molecules through.

\ \

  1. What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelial tissues?
  2. simple is one single layer and stratified is multiple layers.

\

  1. What are the differences between a mother cell and a daughter cell?
  2. The mother cell undergoes cell division while the daughter cell is the result of cell division.

\ \

  1. Know the relative concentrations of water and solids for three types of solutions and which way water will flow (result to cell).

\ SOLUTION                Solution has                Cell has                Water flows                result

\ Hypertonic                high concentration        lower concentration        through cell                 cell shrivles

of solutes                 than solution                membrane out of

the cell

\ \ Hypotonic                lower concentration

\ \ Isotonic