Functional Anatomy - Exam Revision

biceps

pair of muscles in the front of the upper arm that help with heavy lifting, the biceps are the muscles contracting during a bicep curl

triceps

triceps are located on the back of the upper arm, tricpes allow for elbow extension

trapezius

pair of large triangular muscles that extend over the back of the neck and shoulders, role is to stabilise and control the movement of the shoulders and support the neck and spine

deltiod

shoulder muscles, these muscles help to raise your arm in any direction

latissimus dorsi

muscles that cover the sides and lower part of your back, main role is moving the arms down and back in exercises

abdominals

located in the front of the torso and are responsible for maintain good posture and movements, a strong set of abs helps with balance and protecting the lower back

pectorals

located in the chest, function is allowing for the movement of the arms across the body

gastrocnemius

calf muscle located in back of lower leg, muscle allows you to point your toes and push off the ground when: walking, running and jumping

tibialis anterior

front of the shin, muscle is responsible for lifting the foot and dorsiflexion

quadriceps

located in the front of the thigh, main function is straightening the knee when doing things like; standing, walking, running or climbing stairs

hamstring

located in the back of upper thigh, role is knee flexion

adductor group

muscles inside of your thigh, they help bring your legs together in movements that involve squeezing someothing between your knees or crossing your legs

soleus

another calf muscle located beneath the gastrocnemius, this muscle also helps with pushing off the ground and standing on your tiptoes

gastroncnemuis and soleus work togetehr to

provide strength and balance when moving the legs

gluteus maximus

largest muscle in your buttocks, provides stability and power in movements such as: standing, climbing stairs, running. main role is hip extension

hip flexors

located at the dront of your hips, crucial for maintaining mobility and balance

what are the types of movements that the abdominals are responsible for

flexion (bending forward at the waist) and rotation (twisting the torso)

fast twitch and slow twitch fibres

slow twitch

contract slowly, dont fatigue quickly (used in endurance activitys)

fast twitch

contract quickly, easily fatigued (used in short bursts of activty e.g. a 100m sprint

stabiliser muscle

Stabiliser muscles work alongside the agonist and antagonist muscles but aren't responsible for the movement (they provide stability and prevent unwanted motion)

what is the importance of joints

Joints are points where bones meet, allowing for bending, extension and rotation, Without joints, the body would be rigid

what is cartiliage

flexible connective tissue

Flexion

action in which the angle at a joint is decreased, e.g. elbow joint during a bicep curl.

Extension

action in which the angle at a joint is increased, e.g. knee joint during execution of a kick.

Circumduction

action in which a cone shaped movement is made at a joint, e.g. pitching a softball.

Supination

the movement of the palm of the hand to face upward.

Pronation

the movement of the palm of the hand to face downward.

Rotation

the movement of a body part around its long axis, e.g. turning the head.

Dorsi flexion

flexion of the foot so that the toes are brought toward the front of the lower leg.

Plantar flexion

extension of the foot so that the toes are pushed away from the front of the lower leg.

Abduction

moving a body part away from the body's midline, e.g. raising a straight arm out from the side of the body.

Adduction

moving a body part toward the body's midline, e.g. lowering a straight arm towards the side of the body.

a hinge joint is ….axial

uni (moves along one plane)

a ball and socket joint is …. axial

poly (can rotate in different directions

condyloid joint is …axial

bi (allows flexion and extension, and adduction and abduction)

where does the heart lie

inside the thoracic cavity, underneath the sternum

what is the function of the right side of the heart

recieves deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

what is the function of the left side of the body

recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body

what is the function of the right atrium

recieves deoxygenated blood from the vena cava

what is the function of the right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood away from the heart into the pulmonary artery

what is the function of the left atrium

recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein

what is the function of the left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood away from the heart into the aorta

what is the pathway of the heart

deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava → deoxygenated blood gets pumped from the right atrium into the right ventricle → deoxygenated blood exits the heart once it is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery → deoxygenated blood is taken to the lungs → once oxygenated that blood is taken via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium → oxygenated blood gets pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle → oxygenated blood is pumped away from the heart through the aorta to the body

what are the point of valves

to prevent the backflow of blood

what is the valve on the right side

atrioventricular valve/tricuspid valve (between the right atrium and right ventricle)

what is the valve on the left side

atrioventricular valve/bicuspid valve (between the left atrium and left ventricle)

what is the valve where the blood exits the ventricles

semi-lumar valve at the exit gates of the heart between the ventricle and the adjoining artery

how do valves work

valves only work in one direction (pressure behind = valves forced open) (pressure in front = valves forced closed) they are to prevent backflow of blood and keep the heart pumping efficently

structure of arteries

thick outer wall, thick muscular layer and thick elastic layer

stucture of veins

thin outer wall, thin muscular layer and thin elastic layer

structure of capillaries

one cell thick

function of arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except the pumonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs)

function of veins

carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart (except the pulmonary vein which carries freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium)

function of capillaries

substances diffuse across the capillary wall, exchanging materials into and out of cells (e.g. gas echange in the lungs, where deoxygenated blood swaps carbon dioxide out for oxygen)

pulmonary pathway

taken on arrival to the heart

pulmonary circulation

refers to the pathway that blood takes when it comes into the heart from the body, the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

what is the blood pressure in pulmonary circulation

low blood pressure, less distance to travel

systemic pathway

left side of the heart after oxygenated blood is recieved via the pulmonary vein in the left atrium

systemic circulation

oxygenated blood travels from the left ventricle to the body via the aorta, blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to major organs

what is the blood pressure in systemic circulation

high blood pressure, further distance to travel

what pathway feeds blood to your lungs

pulmonary

what pathway feeds blood to the rest of your body

systemic

what are the features of plasma

90% water, makes up 55% of blood volume

what are the features of RBCS

make up 99% of our blood cells

what are the features of WBCS

1 WBC: 700RBCs, larger than RBC's

what are the features of platelets

1 platelet: 700 RBCs, very small

what are the functions (at rest) of plasma

suspend and carry other cells around the body

what are the functions (at rest) of RBC's

carry oxygen to where it is needed in the body

what are the functions (at rest) of WBC's

fight infection and disease by destroying bacteria

what are the functions (at rest) of platelets

form blood clots at damaged tissue to prevent infection and blood loss

what are the functions (exercise) of plasma

pass fluid from blood to body tissue e.g. dehydrated muscles

what are the functions (exercise) of RBC's

carry carbon dioxide and metabolic byproducts away from muscles

what are the functions (exercise) of WBC's

increased activity

what are the functions (exercise) of platelets

prevent bleeding when muscle tissue is damaged during exercise

function of the respiratory system

brings oxygen from the atmospher into the blood, removes carbon dioxide from the blood and expels it back into the atmosphere

structure/pathway of the respiratory system

nasal cavity

function of the nasal cavity

air is warmed and moistened as it passes through, mucus and fine hairs capture dust and microbes, essentially filtering the air

function of the pharynx

divides into the oesophagus and the larynx

function of the larynx

creates speech when air is exhaled

function of the trachea

made of smooth muscle which allows it to expand and contarct when breathing and supported by rings of cartilage to keep it open

function of the bronchi

made of smooth muscle supported by cartilage, adn branc off into bronchioles

function of the bronchioles

they subdive and carry air even further into the lungs

function of the alveoli

site of gas exchange (where oxygen gets into the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood)

structure of the alveoli

little sacs right at the end of the bronchioles, larger surface area in lungs enables gas exchange to occur at a faster rate

structure and function of the diaphragm

involuntary smooth muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity, contracts and relaxes to faciliate breathing

what is Inspiration (inhalation)

the process of taking a breath in.

what is Expiration (exhalation)

the process of breathing out.

what happens during inspiration (inhalation)

diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity expands, air pressure in the lungs drops, air is drawn into lungs due to pressure difference

what happens during expiration (exhalation)

diaphragm relaxes, pleural cavity contracts, air pressure in the lungs increases, air is pushed out of the lungs

structure of the pleura

lines the chest cavity, diaphragm and lungs

function of the pleural cavity

filled with a fluid that reduces friction between the lungs and chest cavity, allows lungs to expand and contract when breathing LUBRICATES THE LUNGS AND CHEST CAVITY

what is gaseous exchange

the process of exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body. This occurs in the lungs and the various tissues.

what are the two types of gas exchange

interal and external

diffusion

gases will move from area of high to low concentraction to achieve balance

what is external gas exchange

how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanges between the blood and the lungs

when does external gas exchange occur

during pulmonary circulation

how does external gas exchange take place

deoxygenated blood travels from the right ventricle to the cpillaries that surround the alveoli

where does external gas exchange occur

alveoli

where does internal gas echange occur

body cells