BIOL 1000 Final Matthew Kearley

sceintific method

observation, question, research, hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusion

Define science

collection of unified insights about nature, the evidence for which is an array of facts

proton

A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

neutrons

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

electrons

Negatively charged particles

properties of water

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds and are extremely polar. The five main properties of water are its high polarity, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, low density as a solid, and attraction to other polar molecules.

How is pH important to living organisms?

Most living organisms can only survive within a narrow pH range. If the pH of their body or their environment fluctuates too much the organism can die.

why is carbon so important in the molecules that make up living organisms?

because it can bond covalently with up to 4 other elements.

monomer

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

how are proteins important to living organisms?

Proteins are enzymes. They act as catalysts to allow chemical reactions to take place

what is the function of DNA?

carriers genetic material and controls cellular activity.

what is the function of RNA?

makes protein.

saturated fatty acid

all c-c bonds (fats and oils)

unsaturated fatty acid

at least one c-c bond is a double bond (avocados, nuts, canola oils)

how are carbs important to living organisms?

carbs supply all energy to cells in the body.

how are lipids important to living things?

lipids store energy

prokaryotic cell

single celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane bound organisms.

Eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

nucleus

membrane-bound organelle that contains a cell's DNA

plasma membrane

outer boundary of the cell

cytoplasm

region inside the plasma membrane and outside the nucleus.

organelles

structures within a cell that carry out specific functions

Nucleolus

RNA and proteins combine to make ribosomal sub-units (will make up ribosomes)

Rough ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

Smooth ER

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes, detoxifies potentially harmful substances and produces lipids.

Mitochondria

convert energy found in food into a molecular form (ATP) that cell can use.

Plant cell structure not found in animal cells

vacuoles, cell walls, chloroplasts (plastids)

what is the function of the plasma membrane?

regulate materials moving into and out of the cell

what molecules can pass through the plasma membrane?

hydrophobic molecules, very small hydrophilic molecules

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration- moves down a concentration gradient

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

hypotonic

lower concentration of solute shypotonic----------> hypertonicwater will move into the cell and it will expand

hypertonic

higher concentration of solutes. water will leave cell and go into the solution, cell will shrink

isotonic

concentration is the same on both sides of the membrane. no movement of water.

If a dialysis bag containing a 1% solution were placed in a beaker containing a 5% solution, then would the bag lose or gain weight? Is the solution in bag hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic?

the bag would lose weight because the water would leave the bag to go to the hypertonic side. solution in bag is hypotonic.

Metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions that an organism carries out.

endergonic reactions

require energy, products have more energy than the reactants

exergonic reaction

reaction that releases energy. reactants have more energy than the products.

oxidation

substance has lost 1 or more electrons ( when substance contacts with oxygen)

reduction

substance has gained 1 or more electrons ( when contacts w hydrogen)

What does an enzyme do?

speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Why do cells undergo respiration?

Respiration produces energy (ATP)

what is the chemical reaction for respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATPs

aerobic respiration

aerobic harvesting of energy from molecules by cells. takes place in the presence of oxygen to produce food for cells.

anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

does not use oxygen, produces less ATP and products include lactic acid and alcohol. takes place while exercising, glucose is broken down without oxygen.

How are new cells produced?

cells divide to produce daughter cells.

What is a sister chromatid?

just before it divides chromosomes make a copy of the DNA within, and form a new chromatid that is an identical twin

what is mitosis utilized for in living organisms?

growth, cell replacement, asexual reproduction

how does sexual reproduction produce genetic variety?

offspring inherits chromosomes from each parent

What are homologous chromosomes?

carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics. different versions of genes (alleles) code for different variations of characteristics.

diploid cells

2 homologous sets of chromosomes

humans diploid number is

46 (2n=46)

haploid cells

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

humans haploid number is

23 (n=23)

how is meiosis utilized by living organisms?

cell division that forms gametes- reproductive organs

If a parent that has albinism crosses with a parent that is a carrier for albinism, then what are the chances their child will have albinism?

there is no chance because each parent would have to be a carrier. if you have it, you are not a carrier. Autosomal recessive disorder.

If a father who is heterozygous for Huntington's disease crosses with a normal female, then what are the chances their child will have Huntington's disease?

50%

A child hast type O blood and her mother has type O blood, what could be dad's bloodtypes?

A, B, O

What is a pleiotropic trait?

alleles at a single locus may have effects on two or more traits

What is a polygenic trait?

trait controlled by more than one gene

If a mother is a carrier for hemophilia and her husband has the disease, then what are the chances their daughter would have it?

If the father has hemophilia, and the mother is a carrier of the hemophilia gene, then each son has a 50% chance of having hemophilia, and each daughter has a 50% chance of having one altered factor gene causing her to be a carrier or have hemophilia, and a 50% chance of having two altered factor genes and having .

How can nondisjunction result in aneuploidy?

depending on when nondisjunction occurs, different number of aneuploid gametes result

Kleinfelter's Syndrome

XXY- individual is usually sterile, feminine characteristics

Males with XYY

usually taller

females with XXX

limited fertility

Tuner Syndrome

XO- sterile, short short stature, webbing of the neck

How are nucleotides assembled into a double helix?

Two strands of nucleotides are held together by hydrogen bonds that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases. The sugar and phosphate "backbone" forms the outside of the helix.

complimentary base pairing

hydrogen bonding between particular bases; in DNA, thymine (T) pairs with adenine (A), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C); in RNA, uracil (U) pairs with A, and G pairs with C

Process of DNA replication

1. each parent strand remains intact- template2. every DNA molecule is half old, half new-each old strand serves as template for new strand-

How are enzymes utilized in DNA duplication?

1. enzymes unwind the two strands2. DNA polymerase attaches complementary nucleotides3. DNA ligase joins fragments on lagging strand

function of DNA

contains instructions for how to build proteins

function of t-RNA

delivers amino acids to the ribosome

Function of m-RNA

carries protein building instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome

How is DNA structurally different than RNA?

RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine.

Process of Transcription

Single strand of mRNA is formed from a DNA template (nucleus)

what are codons?

They are mRNA triplets that code for an amino acid.

Process of translation

where mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled (cytoplasm)

Anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

how does cancer develop in a cell?

uncontrolled growth of cells

oncogene

Cancer-causing genes that are formed due to mutations

Proto-oncogenes

code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division

tumor suppressor genes

normally inhibit uncontrolled cell division and repair DNA

how is a gene turned on and off?

by turning transcription on and off

How was Dolly created?

-cell was taken from the udder of 1 sheep and the egg from another sheep was used but the nucleus was removed from this egg (no DNA)

reproductive cloning

clone exact genetic copy of a human

theraputic cloning

transplant nucleus from patients cells into developing embryonic stem cells then used to replace patients damaged cells

How could stem cells be used to replace damaged cells?

stem cells can be manipulated into specialize in specific types of cells, the cells can be implanted into a person.

homeotic genes

program the development of organisms

Explain how the process of transformation and restriction enzymes are used to turn out collectible quantities of certain proteins.

restriction enzymes cut DNA, transformation bacteria pick up DNA from surroundings

What is recombinant DNA?

2 or more sections of DNA that have been combined by humans- does not exist in nature

gel electrophoresis

sorts proteins and nucleic acids by charge or size. used for evaluating and replicating dna.

What was the Human Genome Project?

sequencing and mapping of the entire human genome. (all of the nucleotide base pairs)

How can biotechnology affect food production?

inserted growth hormones food to grow faster or genetically modify

Evolution

the modification of populations of living things over time: can result in new species

Species

individuals that can interbreed with one another and produce offspring that can also reproduce

natural selection

these organisms better adapted to their environment will be more likely to survive and pass their onto future generations

How is fitness measured?

reproductive success

What are the requirements for selection to be an agent of evolutionary change?

traits must vary, be heritable, affect fitness

Why is evolution considered the unifying principle for biology?

organisms come from ancestral species