Marine... all those slides scare me

Chromatophores

Allow cephalapods to change color rapidly

Feature of cephalopods

Powerful beaks

First evidence of ink glands?

330 million years ago in carboniferous period

What is ink made out of?

Melanin and other enzymes

Squid vs Octopus ink

Squid = noxious

Octopus = cloud

Cephalopods examples?

Nautilus

Squid/Octopus

Cuttlefish

How do nautilus fill shells with air

They fill them with ions —> Draw water through osmosis

Take ions out —> Diffusion of water leaves too

Seabird species #

450 species

Shorebirds species #

200 species

Leatherback turtle

Can survive cold due to countercurrent heat exchange

Where are the only marine lizards (marine iguanas)?

Galapagos

Btw they literally swallow stones to decrease buoyancy

Sea Snake

1 lung, reaches to tail

Not tied to land for laying eggs (ovoviviparous)

Sea turtle breath holding

3 hours

Loggerhead Turtle

Most common sea turtle in Florida

Where are ocean gyres?

30 ° North/South of equator

Converging surface seawater

Causes down welling and low biological productivity

North hemisphere gyres

Center of geostrophic hill is offset to the WEST intensified.

Best studied stream?

Gulf stream. It has warm-core rings and cold-core rings

Chemicals for measuring deep currents?

Tritium
Chlorofluorocarbons

What happens to water at equator?

Upwelling due to seawater moving away and water being replaced

Normal pacific ocean

air pressure higher in east

Strong southeast tradewinds

Warm on west and deeper thermocline there

Upwelling happens east on Peru

El Nino ocean

Weaker pressures

Weaker trade winds

Warmth is in west AND east

Deep thermocline is in east too

Downwelling

LOW PRODUCTIVITY: EL NINO BAD

La Nina

Amplified Normal ocean

Though, shallower thermocline

Sargassum

Brown algae that is holopelagic. Found near Mexico/Caribbeans

Magnetite Receptors

Found in beaks of birds/heads of turtles. Use receptors to close/open ion channels based on magnetic field.

Duration and intensity of field are sensed

DMS (Dimethyl sulfide)

Seabirds can detect DMS released by plankton to eat them

Stromatolites

Made by cyanobacteria

Oldest evidence of life

Standing Crop

Total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs

Where is lowest primary productivity?

Middle of ocean gyres

Low nutrient environments have what type of phytoplankton?

Smaller phytoplankton cause of their surface area to volume ratio allows for more efficiency. Like Cyanobacteria

High nutrient environments have what phytoplankton?

High nutrients = big phytoplankton like diatoms

Neritic Zone

Zone before continental shelf drops off, full of nutrients and large phytoplankton

Photosynthesis general efficiency

2%

What % of marine catch is from continental shelves (neritic zones)?

90%, cause they have so many fish

Polar food webs

Productive in summer, krill is a keystone species

Redfield Ratio

Under these ratios from phytoplankton, you know resources are not limited. Any deviations and they are limited.

Marine fungi examples (generally rare and not well studied)

Lichens at high intertidal zones

Salt marsh fungal infections

Aspergillus sydowii pathogen of caribbean sea fans

BENTHIC diatom shape

Pennate, like a bacteria

Ciguatera

Toxin produced by dinoflagellates

Ciguatera Poisoning

Dinoflagellates adhered to coral,algae,seaweed are eaten, eventually brought to us.

Transmitted like an STD too somehow

Hallucinations, muscle aches, hot/cold sensations, etc

Macrophytes

Seaweeds and flowering plants in SHALLOW coastal areas

Seaweeds (Protists btw)

Algae of 2 different supergroups, RED and GREEN versus BROWN

Think of how red and green are complementary colors

Green algae cell wall

Cellulose

Brown Algae cell wall

Alginate

Red Algae Cell Wall

Agar, carrageenan

Seaweeds lack?

Vascular tissue, roots, stems, leaves, flowers. General plant stuff

Thallus

Body of the seaweed composed of photosynthetic cells. Literally the skin

Holdfast

Attaches thallus to the benthos

Stipe

Stem region between blade and holdfast

What type of algae is sargassum?

Brown algae, duh

Method 1 seaweeds reproduce

Fragmentation of the thallus, like a seastar

Method 2 seaweeds produce

Alternation of generations sporic life cycle between haploid and diploid

Sporophyte and gametophye look the same and sometimes different

Sporophyte = diploid. Gametophyte = haploud

Green Algae (PHYLUM: Chlorophyta)

Contains chlorophyll A and B and carotenoids. Also have coenocytic thallus

Red Algae (PHYLUM: Rhodophyta)

Highest diversity, phycoerythrins make them red, benthic

Phycoerythrin

Light harvesting protein in red algae that directs light to chlorophyll.
Allows for less light = deeper

Coralline Algae

Red algae has calcified cell walls to deter grazers

Brown Algae (Phylum: Phaeophyta)

Mostly benthic. Contains Fucoxanthin. Found in TEMPERATE zones. Epipelagic

What else do brown algae have?

Bladders that are gas filled to maximize light by buoyancy

Receptacles

Where brown algae does meiosis. Also fertilization happens in water column

Fucus Spp.

Eliminate gametophyte stage in brown algae

Marine flowering plants

Seagrasses, mangroves, salt marshes. Came from land, evolved to water. Hydrophytes adapted to marine environment and shallow waters, moreso than seaweeds. They DO have VASCULAR systems.

How do seagrasses grow

Rhizomes (roots basically) extend horizontally and stems grow atop it

Hydrophilous Pollination

Sperm-bearing pollen is carried by water. (Btw they can be asexual too)

Benthic Protozoans

Single celled heterotrophic protists:
Flagellates, ciliates

Foraminifera

Rhizarian with Calcium carbonate and chambers. Important part of sand

Radiolaria

Rhizarian with silica

How do rhizarians feed?

Filose pseuidopodia

Oscula

Where water exits a sponge

Ostia

Where water enters a sponge

Spongioblasts

Secrete spongin and spicules

Spongin

Structural part of sponges. Have spicules embedded

How do sponges keep to themselves?

They release metabolites to protect from stuff

Choanocytes in sponges

Pump water to generate their feeding current

What happens if a chromatophore constricts from muscles

That is how they work, muscle contraction. Contraction = less seen

Cnidarians

Cnidarian Polyp

Those things spongebob was watching on tv till Gary interrupted

Cnidarian Medusas

Hydrozoa

A Cnidarian. Alternates between polyps and medusas. Small.

Reproductive and feeding polyp alternation

Anthozoa

A Cnidarian mostly as a polyp. Usually has symbiotic algae Contains:
Sea aneomones

Sea fans

Coral

Nematocysts:

Used by CNIDARIANS to catch prey, digested in gastro-vascular cavity. Also used for defense

Sea anemones are?

Phylum: Cnidarian. Class: Anthozoa

Sea Fans are?

Phylum: Cnidarian. Class: Anthozoa

Coral are?

Phylum: Cnidarian. Class: Anthozoa

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms. Gas exchange is via diffusion. Some have kleptoplast. Blind gut

Kleptoplasty

Think of a kleptomaniac, stealing stuff. They steal things like chlorophyll and use it. Flatworms btw

Phylum Nemertea

Ribbon worms. CARNIVOROUS. Complete gut. Use barbed proboscis to kill

Phylum Annelida

SEGMENTED worms with opposition muscles for locomotion.

Polychaetes

Are from phylum Annelida. Have segmentation and can be predatory.

Oligochaetes

From phylum Annelida: Lack parapodia, have segments and chitin hairs. Small

Phylum Pogonophora

Beard worms. No digestive track so rely on symbiosis with bacteria. Include the hydrothermal vent worms

Phylum Sipuncula

Peanut worms. Feed by protruding their introvert (stomach)

Phylum Mollusca

have soft shell and mantle secretes the shell

Class Bivalves

In the phylum mollusca: Use gills for feeding and gas exchange.

No cephalization (putting everything important in the head) but scallops got eyes

Class gastropoda

Of the Phylum Mollusca: Snails and slugs who have a big foot to glide. Shell can be absent. Gills and complex nervous system

Radula

Strong part of GASTROPODA asnd Polyplachophora that using a chitonous ribbon make it a strong part for killing

Cone shell

A radula that is modified into a venomous harpoon (remember, gastropoda still, aka mollusca)

Polyplacophora

From Mollusca: Chitons with 8 dorsal plates that scrape algae with Radula. Attaches to rock with foot.

Class Cephalopoda

From Phylum Mollusca: No shells except nautilus, closed circulatory system, complex brain

Class Monoplacophora

From Phylum Mollusca: Oldest species of molluscs basically, with clear segmentation

Class Scaphopoda

Phylum: Mollusca: Look like tusk shells with a few hundred species who burrow into sand. FIRST CURRENCY