psych notes pt 2

Overjustification Effect

________: reinforcing behaviors that are intrinsically motivating causes you to stop doing them.

Alzheimers Disease

________: caused by the destruction of acetylcholine in the hippocampus.

Functional Fixedness

________: keep using one strategy- can not think outside of the box.

Adrenal glands

________: related to sympathetic nervous system, releases adrenaline.

Myelin sheath

________: speeds up signal down axon, protects axon.

Trichromatic theory

________: three cones for receiving color (blue, red, green)

Reciprocal determinism

________: Bandura, how behavior, cognitions, and environment make up personality.

Algorithms

________: step by step strategies that guarantee a solution.

optic nerve

Blind spot: occurs where the ________ leaves the eye.

Proximity

________: group things together that appear near each other.

Schacter Singer

________ two factor theory: stimulus to arousal to cognitive label to emotion.

Serial Position Effect

________: tendency to remember the beginning and the end of the list best.

Schemas

________: preexisting mental concept of how something should look, concepts or frameworks that organize info.

sensory receptors

Bottom- up processing: when ________ pick up signals for the brain to integrate and process.

Stimulants

________: increase sympathetic nervous system activation (amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy or MDMA, caffeine, nicotine)

Feature detectors

________: specialized cells that see motion, shapes, lines, etc.

Antagonists

________: drug that blocks a neurotransmitter.

Archetypes

________: a symbol, dream or image that all humans share, which express underlying fears or ideas we all experience.

Thalamus

________: relay center for all but smell.

Konrad Lorenz

________: imprinting, baby geese believe the first thing they see after hatching is their mom.

Semantics

________: set of rules by which we derive meaning.

Receptor sites

________: proteins on surface of cells that react and respond to neurotransmitters.

General Adaptation Syndrome

________ (GAS): three phases of stress response- alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Teratogens

________: external agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development (alcohol, drugs, etc .)

Corpus Callosum

________: bundle of nerves that connects two hemispheres.

Id

________: operates on pleasure principle, all about rewards.

Accommodation

________: adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information, all change.

Pupil

________: controls amount of light entering eye.

Lev Vygotsky

________: cognitive development is a social process, zone of proximal development (gap between what children can do on their own and what they can do with support)

Dendrites

________: receive incoming signals.

Convergent Thinking

________: to decide on one thing.

successive approximations

Shaping: use ________ to train behavior.

Agonists

________: drug that mimics a neurotransmitter.

Cognitive Maps

________: mental representation of an area, allows navigation if blocked.

Oedipus Crisis

________: young boys identify with their father out of fear of retribution (castration anxiety)

Heritability

________: how much of the variation that exists between a group of individuals is due to genetics.

Threshold

________: minimum potential difference that must be reached in order to fire an action potential.

Afterimages

________: visual illusion in which retinal impressions persist after the removal of a stimulus.

Cocktail party phenomenon

________: notice your name being said in a crowded room.

Depressants

________: decrease sympathetic nervous system activation (alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, opiates or narcotics)

Assimilation

________: incorporate new info into existing schemas, same stuff.

emission tomography

Positron ________ (PET): glucose shows brain activity.

Prototypes

________: all instances of a concept are compared to an ideal example (what you first think of)

Flynn Effect

________: IQ has steadily risen over the last 80 years.

Lobes

________: major identifiable zones of the corpus callosum.

Morpheme

________: smallest unit that carries meaning.

Wilhelm Wundt

________: first lab, father of modern psychology, structuralism.

Ego

________: reality, mediates between id and superego.

Midbrain

________: supports vision, hearing, motor control (especially eye movement), sleeping /arousal, alertness and temperature regulation.

Constancy

________: the percept of the shape of a given object remains constant despite changes in the shape of the object's retinal image.

Wilhelm Wundt

first lab, father of modern psychology, structuralism

William James

father of american psychology, functionalism

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of APA

Margaret Floy Washburn

first woman recipient of psych Ph.D

G Stanley Hall

1st president of APA

John B. Watson

behaviorism, Little Albert

Dendrites

receive incoming signals

Soma

cell body, includes nucleus

Axon

Action potential travels through

Myelin sheath

speeds up signal down axon, protects axon

Neurotransmitters

chemicals released in synapse received by neurons

Synapse

gap between neurons

Receptor sites

proteins on surface of cells that react and respond to neurotransmitters

Threshold

minimum potential difference that must be reached in order to fire an action potential

Action potential

movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane sends an electrical charge down the axon

Neuron

basic cell of the nervous system

All-or-none principle

stimulus must trigger action potential past the threshold, but does not increase intensity of response

Excitatory neurotransmitters

excite neurons to fire message

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

block or prevent message

Acetylcholine

memory

Dopamine

reward and movement

Endorphins

pain control

Serotonin

moods and emotion

GABA

major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

major excitatory neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine

sympathetic nervous system arousal

Sensory Neurons

receive signals

Motor Neurons

send signals

Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

nervous system minus central nervous system

Somatic Nervous System

voluntary movement

Autonomic Nervous System

involuntary movement (heart, lungs)

Sympathetic Nervous System

arousal, fight or flight

Parasympathetic Nervous System

homeostasis after sympathetic response

Lesions

destruction of tissue

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

brain activity

Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scan)

shows structures

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

shows structures

Positron emission tomography (PET)

glucose shows brain activity

Functional MRI (fMRI)

glucose shows activity in real time

Hindbrain

oldest part of the brain

Medulla

vital organs (HR, BP)

Pons

sleep/arousal

Cerebellum

movement/balance

Midbrain

supports vision, hearing, motor control (especially eye movement), sleeping/arousal, alertness and temperature regulation

Reticular Formation

alertness

Forebrain

higher thought processes

Thalamus

relay center for all but smell

Amygdala

emotions, fear

Hippocampus

memory