Cellular Respiration: Processes and Energy Production

Catabolism

Breakdown of molecules to release energy.

Cellular respiration

Process of converting glucose into energy.

Intermediate compound

Substance formed during metabolic reactions.

Enzyme

Protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions.

Energy release

Energy produced at each reaction step.

Controlled energy production

Regulated release of energy during respiration.

Respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

Heat generation

60% of energy lost as heat.

Body temperature maintenance

Heat from respiration keeps body temperature stable.

ATP

Energy currency of the cell, formed from ADP.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate, precursor to ATP.

ADP/ATP cycle

Recycling of ADP to store energy.

Anaerobic respiration

Respiration without oxygen, low energy yield.

Glycolysis

First phase of glucose breakdown, produces pyruvic acid.

Lactic acid

Product of anaerobic respiration, causes muscle fatigue.

Oxygen debt

Deficit of oxygen after intense exercise.

Recovery oxygen

Increased breathing post-exercise to repay oxygen debt.

Aerobic respiration

Respiration in presence of oxygen, high energy yield.

Mitochondrion

Cell organelle where aerobic respiration occurs.

Citric acid cycle

First step in aerobic respiration, produces ATP.

Electron transport chain

Second step in aerobic respiration, produces ATP.

Total ATP yield

Up to 38 ATP from one glucose molecule.

Energy used by cells

ATP needed for various cellular functions.

Active transport

Movement of substances against concentration gradient.

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins, used for energy.

Fatty acids

Components of lipids, alternative energy source.

Glycerol

Part of lipids, can be used for energy.

Anabolism

Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones.

Chemical bonds

Connections between atoms in molecules, require energy.

Glycogen

Stored form of glucose in the liver.