Social Science [Section IV] (AcaDeca '25-'26)

What ideological tension was symbolized by the difference between William Jennings Bryan and Grover Cleveland?

free silver populists vs. anti-tariff hard money champions

What were some characteristics of the heart of the Democratic Party at this time?

Southern, rural, "drys", white Protestants, anti-evolution, pro-KKK factions

What were some characteristics of the newer wing of the Democratic Party at this time?

Northern, urban, immigrant Catholics, "wets”

Where did New York governor Alfred E. Smith receive his political education?

Tammany Hall

Who was the first Catholic presidential candidate of any major party, when was he nominated, and for which party?

Alfred E. Smith - 1928 - Democratic Party ("wets")

What were the two nicknames of Herbert Hoover?

"the Great Engineer" and "the Great Humanitarian"

What was the Great Mississippi Flood and when did it occur?

a flood that overwhelmed the levee system built by the U.S. Army - spring 1927

In which major natural disaster, as mentioned by the Curriculum, was racial discrimination a major local issue that prevented African-Americans refugees from receiving care?

the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact, when was it agreed to, and by whom?

pledge to pursue a peaceful resolution to all international conflicts - 1928 - U.S., France, Germany

What was the name of Hoover's 1922 treatise, and what was it about?

American Individualism - limited gov.'s role is to nurture civil society

What was the Agricultural Marketing Act, and when was it passed?

gov. to buy & store agricultural surpluses to prevent price drops - 1929

What happened when investors pooled resources to invest in the stock market?

purchased large amounts of stock to push value higher - sold stock before value fell

About how many Americans owned stocks during this time, and who was stock trading primarily done by?

~8% of all Americans - banking powerhouses

What occurred on Black Thursday, 1929?

more than 13 million sales at NYSE; ticker was 30min behind; stock market crashed

What occurred on Black Tuesday, 1929?

Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 38pts; stock market crashed again

What was the average decline of stocks on NYSE, and by how much did the total value drop?

37.5% - $26.1 billion

In July 1932, what was the total market value on NYSE?

$15.6 billion

Who was Andrew Mellon and what was his opinion on the stock market crash on 1929?

Secretary of the Treasury - believed crash exposed bad actors

By how much did overall spending on durable consumer goods in drop in 1930?

20%

From 1930 to 1931, how were Ford's sales affected?

total sales almost halved; annual loss of $37 million

How many workers lost their jobs during the Great Depression?

~4 million workers

How many businesses failed in 1930?

26,555

From 1929 to 1931, how many workers were laid off at General Motors?

100,000

What were the rates of unemployment in 1930, 1931, and 1932?

9% - 16% - 24%

By 1933, how many daily foreclosures were there on average?

over 1,000

What was Hoover's response to bank runs causing widespread bank failures?

rejected gov. intervention as unconstitutional

In 1929, 1930, and 1931, how many American banks failed?

659 - 1,352 - 2,294

What was the largest commercial bank failure in U.S. history, and when did it happen?

the Bank of the United States in NY collapsed - 1930

When was Britain forced to abandon the gold standard?

fall 1931

What was the Smoot-Hawley Tariff and when was it enacted?

raised taxes on imports to highest rates ever - 1930

What caused major event caused U.S. imports to drop by 40% from 1930 to 1932?

Smoot-Hawley Tariff -> trade war

Who were the "Okies"?

farmers from Oklahoma and the Dust Bowl region who migrated to California

What novel was inspired by Dust Bowl migrants, and when was it published?

John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath - 1939

From 1930 to 1932, by how much did the national debt increase, and why?

$3.3 billion - decreased tax revenue

What group marched on Washington, D.C. in protest against late war service bonuses, and when?

"Bonus Expeditionary Force" - spring 1932

Which Democratic president ended 10+ years of Republican presidencies during this time period and when was he elected?

FDR - 1932