Chapter 2- Body Structures

anterior

towards the front

anteroposterior

pertaining to the front and to the back

inferior

pertaining to below, lower, or towards

scan

process of using a moving device or a sweeping beam of radiation to produce images of an internal area, organ, or tissue of the body

cellular level

molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of the body

tissue level

groups of cells that work together to perform a specialized function

organ level

structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissue; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

system level (organ system level)

related organs with a common function

organism level

collection of body systems that make up the most complex level (living human being)

anotomical position

standing erect, the face is forward, and the arms are at the side with the palms placing forward

superior (cephalic, cranial)

above or higher; toward the head

adduction

movement toward the midline

abduction

movement away from the midline

inferior (caudal)

below or lower; toward the tail

anterior (ventral)

front of the body; toward the front

posterior (dorsal)

back of the body; toward the back

medial

pertaining to the middled, toward to midline

lateral

pertaining to the side, towards the side

external

outside, exterior to

internal

inside, interior to

superficial

toward or on the surface

deep

away from the surface

proximal

near to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

parietal

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

visceral

pertaining to the internal organs

plane

flat surface that separates 2 portions of the body or organ

median plane (midsagittal plane)

divides body into two equal parts (right and left)

frontal plane (coronal plane)

divides the body into front and back portions

horizontal plane (transverse plane)

divides body into top and bottom

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

intestines, appendix, ovary, fallopian tube, ureter

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

intestine, ovary, fallopian tube, ureter

right hypochondriac region

right upper region below the cartilage of the ribs

left hypochondriac region

left upper region below the cartilage of the ribs

right lumbar region

right middle region near the waist

left lumbar region

left middle region near the waist

right iliac

lower right region located near the groin

left iliac

left lower region located near the groin

epigastric region

middle region located above the stomach

umbilical region

middle region in area of the umbilicus or navel

hypogastric region

lower middle region below the stomach and umbilical region

knee-chest position

patient is lying face down with the hips bent so that the knees and chest rest on the table (rectum examination)

lithotomy position

lying on back with legs raised and feet in stirrups (vaginal and pap test examination)

dorsal recumbent position

patient is lying on the back, face up, with the knees bent (vaginal and rectume examination)

sims position

lying on left side with right knee drawn up and with left arm drawn behind, parallel to the back (9rectume, vaginla, or to distribute enema)

prone position

lying face down (back, spin, lower extremities)

fowler position

an inclined position in which the head of the bed is raised (lung epansion)

suspine position

lying on the back (chest, heart, abdomen,m head, neck, reflexes)

trendelenburg position

lying on back with body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet (therapeutic treatment)

abdomin/0

abdomen

caud/o

tail

cephal/o

head

cervic/o

neck, cervix

crani/o

cranium (skull)

ili/o

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of hip bone)

inguin/o

groin

lumb/o

loins (lower back)

spin/o

spine

thorac/o

chest

unbilic/o

umbilicus, navel

anter/o

front

dist/o

far, farthest

dors/o

back

interi/o

lower, below

later/o

side

medi/o

middle

proxim/o

near, nearest

superi/o

above

ventr/o

belly

cyt/o

cell

hist/o

tissue

radi/o

radiation

coron

heart

cost

rib

carcin/o

cancer

eti/o

cause

-ad

toward

-gen, -genesis

forming, producing, origin

-ology

study of

-plasia

formation, growth

bi-

two

epi-

above

infra-

below

-centisis

surgical puncture

-lysis

separation; destruction; loosening

cuadad

toward the tail

cephalad

towards the head

iliac

pertaining to the ilium

etiology

study of the cause of disease

bilateral

both sides

epigastric

pertaining to above the stomach

infracostal

pertaining to below or under the ribs

adhesion

band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other

inflammation

protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy

sepsis

body's inflammatory response to infection, in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rate, and low blood pressure

fuor/o

luminous, fluorescence

fluoroscopy

radiographic procedure that uses a fluorescent screen instead of a photographic plate to produce a visual image from x-rays that pass through the patient, resulting in continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images

genetic testing

Identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins, which can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder; greater than 1,000 genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed.