A03 - Milgram's Variations

What weakness can be applied from the baseline study?

It was unethical and broke ethical guidelines

There is research to support: other ______ have high mundane realism regarding the _______ variation.

Who conducted this study supporting the uniform variation?

Studies

Uniform

Bickman (1974)

Bickman (1974) conducted a ____ experiment with three confederates in which outfits?

Field

A jacket and tie, a milkman's outfit, and a security guards uniform

The three confederates stood individually in the street and asked passers-by to do what?

Tasks such as picking up litter or handing over a coin for the parking meter

People were _____ as likely to obey the _________ than the person in __________

Twice

Security

A jacket and tie

Bickman's study supports the variable of uniform having an effect on obedience…

As a sign of authority and shows why people obey

This also supports the variable of _______ as making authority seem more or less legitimate - the greater the proximity to an authority figure, the __________ people feel for their actions, which is the _______________

Location

Less responsibility

Agentic state (opposite of autonomous state with free will)

However, _________ argues that it is offensive to survivors of the Holocaust to suggest that Nazis were…

Mandel (1998)

Simply obeying orders since there should be no excuse for evil behaviour

Milgram's variations ignore the role of _________ factors such as personality, implying that the Nazis were ________________

Dispositional

Victims of situational variables beyond their control

What is a weakness of Milgram's variations that is argued by Perry?

Behaviour shown by participants may not reflect obedience to authority but is a response to demand characteristics

Perry (2013) suggests that only ____ of the participants believed the shocks were ____ and most were actually _______

Half

Real

Disobedient

In a further article, Perry (2020) citied testimony from _________ who reported that participants classified as having ‘_________’ administered more shocks than those classified as having ‘_________’

Milgram's assistant

Not fully believed

Fully believed

This suggests that participants’ behaviour was the result of __________, meaning Milgram was not actually measuring _______, which results in __________

Responding to demand characteristics

Obedience

Lower validity of results