Period 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 Flashcards APUSH

The first Great Awakening

* A sudden outbreak of religious fervor throughout the colonies
* One of the first events to unify the colonies
* Led by George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards

Pequot War

* Conflict between the Pequot Natives in Connecticut and the colonists
* The Pequot were defeated which led to the first Native American slaves in New England

House of Burgesses

* First representative house in America
* Limited to only free men with property

The Enlightenment

* Dictated the human reason was adequate to solve mankind’s problems and correspondingly much less faith was needed in the central role of God as an active force in the universe

Stono Rebellion

* South Carolina slave revolt prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways

Bacon’s Rebellion

* Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion in reaction to VIrginia’s inability to protect settlers against Native attacks
* Turned colonies away from indentured servitude to slavery

Pueblo Revolt

* An uprising of Indians in Santa Fe against Spanish colonization
* Only successful revolt against the Spanish

Act of Toleration

* Guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland
* Led to characteristics later seen in the constitution

Mayflower Compact

* Pilgrims signed and set up a government by the will of the majority for the Plymouth colony.
* Early form of self government

St. Augustine, FL

* Founded by the French
* Considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States

Sir Walter Raleigh

* Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the English settlement

Fundamental Orders

* Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area
* First constitution written in America

Encomienda System

* Spanish system to regulate and control Native Americans by The Spanish crown granting Spanish colonists a specified number of natives

Great Puritan Migration

* A civil war drove about 15k settlers to the MBC. Leader became John Winthrop who preached “City upon a Hill”

Bartolome de Las Casas

* Spaniards who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of Native Americans

Juan de Supulveda

* Spaniards who supported the Spanish Empire’s right of conquest in the New World. Argued in favor of Christianizing the Native Americans

Zenger Trial

* Acquitted of libel charges in NYC established a legal precedent for freedom of the press.

Beaver Wars

* A series of wars between the English, Dutch, and French along with their NAtive American allies in North America. The wars were fought over land and the monopolization of the fur trade.

King Philip’s War

• The last significant effort by the Indians of southern New England to drive away English settlers. Led by Metacom

Columbian Exchange

* The exchange of people, plants, and animals between Europe, Africa, and North America

Intolerable Acts

In response to the Boston Tea Party:

• Shut down Boston Harbor

• Disbanded the Boston Assembly

• Implemented a new Quartering Act

• Removed the power of colonial courts to arrest royal officers

Battle of Yorktown

1781

• Surrender of General Cornwallis. The colonists win the war for Independence

Pontiac’s Rebellion

1763

• An India uprising after the French and Indian War, led by Chief Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area.

• Led to the Proclamation of 1763

Democratic Republicans

approx. 1793-1810

• Party led by Jefferson that opposed the Federalists and favored a weak central government, protecting states’ rights, low taxes, and a strict view of the Constitution. Pro-farmer and Pro-France

Daughters of Liberty

• An organization formed by women to support American resistance in the Revolution. Supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain

Proclamation of 1763

1763

• Forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians.

• Colonists thought they should be able to settle in this land due to their efforts in the French and Indian War

Federalists and Anti-Federalists

• Advocated centralized power and constitutional ratification, northeastern business groups, loose interpretation of the Constitution

“Three-fifths Compromise”

1787

• Part of the Great Compromise

• Counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation

“Great Compromise”

1787

• Connecticut Compromise

• Called for the bicameral system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation

• Included the Three-Fifths Compromise

Ham’s Financial Plan

• Hamilton, first secretary of treasury, plan to make US financially credible and repay debt

• Included a Bank of the US, Excise tax (on whiskey), Funding at Par, Assumption of state debts and tariffs

The Federalist Papers

1787

• Essays in support of the Constitution, Republicanism, federalism, separation of powers, and free government

• Written by: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

Shays’ Rebellion

1786

• During a period of economic depression, Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing farmers’ land

• Americans wanted a stronger government to avoid future rebellions/violence “mobocracy”

Northwest Ordinance, 1787

• A major success of the Articles of Confederation.

• Provided that in the Northwest Territory 60k as the minimum population to apply for statehood, outlawed slavery in the Territory

Republican Motherhood

• An attitude toward women’s roles in and around the American Revolution.

• It centered on the behalf that daughters should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism and pass it onto the next generation. In reinforced the idea of a domestic women’s sphere and encouraged the education of women

Neutrality Proclamation

1793

• Cause: Outbreak of the French revolution

• Thomas Jefferson opposed neutrality while Alexander Hamilton supported it

• Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality that barred American ships from supplying war material to Britain or France

XYZ Affair

• The US wanted an end to French harassment of American shipping

• French agents demanded a bribe from the US to open negotiations

• “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!”

Daughters of Liberty

• An organization formed by women to support American resistance in the Revolution. Supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain

Proclamation of 1763

1763

• Forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians.

• Colonists thought they should be able to settle in this land due to their efforts in the French and Indian War

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Legislation enacted by federalists to reduce foreign influences and increase their power

• Residency requirement from 5 to 14 years

• Fine or imprisonment to those that criticized the policies of the government

Treaty of Greeville

• After the Battle of Fallen Timbers

• The native tribes agreed to surrender their claims in the Northwest Territory

Washington’s Farewell Address

• He warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances

Jay’s Treaty

• Provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their posts in the Northwest

• Did not call for a resolution to impressments

Stamp Act

• Americans must use stamped paper for legal documents and other paper goods

Second Continental Congress

• Presided over John Hancock

• Formed Olive Branch Petition, last appeal to King George for resolution

• Appointed George Washington as head of the Continental Army

• Declaration of Independence written here

Common Sense

1776

• A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine calling for immediate independence from Britain

• “Why should and island rule a continent”

Treaty of Paris 1783

1783

• Ben Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams

• Britain recognized US independence and outlined its borders

• US agreed to no more prosecution of loyalists

Townshend Acts

• Duties on glass, lead, silk, paint, paper, and tea. Sam Adams published the Massachusetts Circular Letter in response. Britain troops were sent to enforce the laws which led to the Boston Massacre

Anti Federalists

• Against adoption of the Constitution because of suspicion over a centralized government and limiting freedom

Battle of Saratoga

1777

• The British surrendered, giving the colonists their first victory. Turning point because French aid became possible

Eli Whitney

• Invented interchangeable parts, Best know as the inventor of the Cotton Gin

Tariff of 1833

1833

• A lowering tariff of rates over 10 years to solve the Nullification. Created by Henry Clay

• Jackson did not argue this point, and the Southerners felt victorious in the Nullification Crisis

American Anti Slavery Society

Founded 1833

• As the main activist arm of the Abolition

• Founded by William Lloyd Garrison

• Goal to carry the antislavery message to Northern Audiences

Specie Circular

1837

• To stop the inflation from the pet banks’ relaxed credit policies, Andrew Jackson issued the specie circular, stating that land must be paid for in hard money not paper or credit

Chesapeake Leopard Affair

1807

• Example of Impressment of sailors and a cause of the War of 1812. The Chesapeake was boarded by the British, and 4 members of the crew were captured

• Jefferson pushed the Embargo Act through Congress

McCulloch vs Maryland

1819-Marshall Court

• Maryland tried to tax a local branch of the BUS to force it out of business Court ruled a state cannot tax a federal entity

• Affirmed the principle of implied powers, that had originally created the Bank of the US

Election of 1800

• Change from Federalist leadership to Republican

• The Federalists lost control of both the Presidency and the Congress

• Known as a “peaceful transfer of power”

Embargo Act

1807

• Jefferson wanted to keep the US neutral cutting off trade to Europe

• Widespread protests in the North

• Resulted in economic depression in the US

Louisiana Purchase Treaty

1803

• Purchase LA territory from France for $15M Jefferson turned loose constructionist US territory doubled Treaty was ratified by the Senate

Marbury vs Madison

1803

• Chief Justice John Marshall

• Increased the power of the federal government and created Judicial Review, which the Supreme Court’s power to review a law and determine if it is constitutional or not

Hartford Convention

1814

• Federalists assembled in New England to voice opposition to the War of 1812. Talked about New England secession, and their party broke up. This was the end of the Federalist Party

Treaty of Ghent

1814

• Ended the War of 1812 in a stalemate because the were no land changes

• It was a significant in that it showed the United States was strong enough to defeat Britain

American Temperance Society

• Lyman Beecher founder Abstain from drinking alcohol. The first US social organization to mobilize massive national support for a specific reform cause

Missouri Compromise

• Maine would be a free state, Missouri would be slave state. No slavery north of the 36 30 latitude line. Written by Henry Clay

William Lloyd Garrison

• Established anti-Slavery newspaper, The Liberator Gained a national reputation as the leader of those favoring immediate emancipation

Brook Farm

1820s

• A Utopian community to improve life in the face of growing industrialism

• People worked together for a common good and survival of the community Lasted less than a decade

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 New York

• Led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cary Stanton

• The first women’s rights convention in history

• Drew up The Declaration of Sentiments which concluded all men and women are created equal

Indian Removal Act

1838

• Force Cherokees to give up lands and travel to Oklahoma, called the Trail of Tears. The journey killed about 4,000 Cherokees

Whig Party

• Believed that Jackson was acting like a king. Formed as a new conservative creation that was anti-Jackson

Nullification Crisis

1828

• Showdowns between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1828 Tariff of Abominations null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties

Nat Turner Rebellion

1831

• A slave-led rebellion in Virginia, killing nearly 60 white people, mostly women and children. Led to the passage of a series of new law, additional restrictions and harsher penalties on both enslaved and free African Americans

David Walker

Attempted to persuade slaves of the south into rebelling against their master in his pamphlet The Appeal, a call for black unity and a fight against slavery.

Erie Canal

Completed in upstate New York, linked the Atlantic Ocean to the Midwest by connecting the Hudson River to the Great Lakes. This led to more trade

Second Great Awakening

• Started in the burned over district in western New York by Charles Grandson Finney Religious revival that strongly encouraged faith. Reform movements were affected by this

Tallmadge Amendment

1820

• An antislavery amendment that would have prohibited any further importation of enslaved people into Missouri and emancipated all children at age 25. Led to Henry Clay’s compromise

Antebellum Literature

• Literature with themes of nationalism

• Washington Irving-The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the most well known American Writer

Cult of Domesticity

• Stated that women were meant to be passive, virtuous, stay in the home and be subservient to men. Women hoped to leave the home for more political and economic

Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

• Wave of immigration from Ireland and Germany led to anti-foreign and anti-Catholic sentiment formed this secret organization. Because nucleus for the Known-Nothing or American Party

Second Bank of the US

• Nicholas Biddle was president. Whigs attempted to recharter early.

• President Jackson vetoed the bill and began to deposit federal funds into “pet banks” in 1833.

Samuel Slater

• “Father of the Factory System”, Introduced new cotton-spinning machinery to the US

American System

• Henry Clay’s plan: a high protective tariff for industries

• Preservation of the BUS to stabilize currency

• Development of a system of internal improvements(never funded)

Hudson River School

• An art movement dedicated to the painting of nature landscapes in NY. The paintings reflected the exploration and settlement of the West

Transcendentalism

• Movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God. Leaders are Emerson and Throeau

Market Revolution

• A period of economic expansion and a transformation of economy from an agrarian to industrialized

• Rise of new technologies such as the steam engine and factory system, growth of new transportation systems like canals, roads, and railroads

Tariff of 1816

• This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods. The tariff raised the average rates to around 20 percent.

The Lowell System

1820s

• A factory system in New England where the company provided lodging for the labor force. laborers were mainly unmarried woman and then eventually Irish immigrants in the 1840s

Monroe Doctrine

1823

• Western Hemisphere is no longer open for colonization

• The Doctrine was successful in that it kept powers out of the region, but it was a failure from the standpoint that the Latin American nations resented the Big Brother behavior of the US

Mormonism

• Religion founded by Joseph Smith. He organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Eventually formed community in Utah under Brigham Young

Dorothea Dix

• Social reformer who worked to help treatment of the mentally ill in asylums

Alexis de Tocqueville

• A French political writer who visited and wrote about life in the US. Wrote Democracy in America, which observed the equality and liberty of citizens

Carpetbaggers

• Label for Northerners who went to the South for political and/or economic gain during Reconstruction

Scalawags

• Southerners loyal to the Republican Party. Often worked with carpetbaggers and newly freed blacks to create new state constitutions

Tenure of Office Act

• Law provided that the president consult Congress before dismissal of officials

• Johnson dismissed Edwin Stanton, secretary of war. Led to impeachment of Johnson

Enforcement Acts

• Attempted to prevent the intimidation of blacks by any illegal action. Focus on activities of the KKK

Radical Reconstruction

Congress plan for reconstruction

• Creation of five military districts in the South to be headed by a military official

• States required to ratify the 14th Amendment

Civil Rights Act of 1866

• All persons born in the United States were now citizens, equal under the law. Largely undermined by the Ku Klux Klan

Harper’s Fury

1859, VA

• Raid on federal arsenal. John Brown attempted to fuel a larger slave rebellion. Brown was captured and became known as a martyr in the North and terrorist in the South

Black Codes

• Denied free blacks Constitutional rights during early Reconstruction

Gettysburg Address

1863

• Lincoln delivered this speech on the battlefield and spoke about the freedom, equality and united the country

Dred Scott Decision

1857

• Supreme Court stated slaves were not protected by the Constitution and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional according to the 5th amendment

Underground Railroad

• Harriet Tubman helped run this network of safe houses for slaves who were looking to escape after the Fugitive Slave Act