POLS 206 Midterm

A _________ means of determining who gets power and influences in society.

Peaceful

Laswell Politics

who gets what when and how

Neuman politics

Politics always has been, and always will be, this belligerent determination to empower one's gods, to ram the down the enemy's throat by legal enactment enforced by police-military power."

Power

the ability to get other people to do what you want them to do

Politics

who gets what, when, and how

Government

a system or organization for exercising authority over a body of people

Legitimate

accepted as "right" or proper

Who writes the rules for the government?

Technically the citizens but legislative power is vested in Congress

rules

directives that specify how resources will be distributed or what procedures govern collective activity

Institutions

organizations in which government power is exercised

Information Bubble

A closed cycle in which all information we get reinforces the information we already have, solidifying our beliefs without reference to outside reality checks

Political narrative

Who should have it and how it should be used

economics

production and distribution of a society's material resources and services

What kind of economy does the USA have?

Mixed Economy-Regulated capitalism

Laissez-fair capitalism

an economic style in which the market makes all the decisions and the government plays no role

Regulated Capitalism

a market system in which the government intervenes to protect rights make procedural guarantees

Procedural Guarantees

governmental assurance that the rules will work smoothly and treat everyone fairly, with no particular promise of particular outcome. The means (process) justify the ends

Socialism

Complete government ownership and control of the means and production [substantive guarantees]

Substantial Guarantees

government assurance of particular outcomes or results. The end justifies the means

Democratic Socialism

Government commitment to democracy and market capitalism but with socialism as its goal (substantive and procedural)

Social Democracy

Mostly private ownership but extensive government control(substantive and procedural guarantees), with a commitment to the democratic process and some socialist goals.

subjects

individuals who are obliged to submit to a government authority against which they have no rights (people under an authoritarian system)

citizens

members of a political community with both rights and responsibilities (people under a non-authoritarian system)

Democratic theory of citizenry

Power is drawn from the people, that people are sovereign, that they must consent to be governed, and that their government must respond to their will

Elections in the US are

periodic and free

2 Types of political systems

Authoritarian system

-Totalitarian system

-Authoritarian system

Non-authoritarian system

Authoritarian System

state holds all the power over the social order

Totalitarian System

state has absolute power over every aspect of life

Authoritarian Capitalism

a system in which the state allows people economic freedom but maintains stringent social regulations to limit noneconomic behavior

Non-Authoritarian system

Individuals (citizens) decide how to live their lives, government's role is limited to procedural guarantees of individual rights

Popular Sovereignty

the concept that the citizens are the ultimate source of political power

Elite Democracy

democracy is merely a system of choosing among competing leaders-elections are symbolic: to perpetuate the illusion that citizens have consented to their government

Pluralist Democracy

individual participation is not important but membership in groups that participate in government decision making on their member's behalf

Participatory democracy

all individuals have the right to control all the circumstances of their lives, and direct democracy participation should not take place only in government but everywhere else as well

Advanced Industrial Democracy

a system in which a democratic government allows citizens a considerable amount of personal freedom and maintains a free-market (regulated) economy

Communist Democracy

a utopian system in which property is communally owned and all decisions are made democratically

Protestant reformation

individuals can pray directly to God and receive salvation on faith alone, without the church's involvement. Loss of church's political power

Enlightenment period

late 1600s and 1700s, when ideas about science and the possibilities of knowledge began to blow away the shadows and cobwebs of medieval superstition. Human beings are rational.

Devine rights of kings

the principal that earthly rulers receive their authority from God

Social Contract

the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others

Pure Democracy

all citizens would have direct power to control government

Jus Soli

The right of the soil. If you were born in any of the 50 states or any of the territories, you are a citizen (USA)

Jus Sanguis

The right of blood. If you are born outside of the US to American parents you are a citizen

Lock and Madison believed:

-Government had a duty to protect property

-political parties would be self interested rather than public interested

-Rejected notion of Pure Democracy

-Opted for a republic

Republic

a government in which decisions are made through representatives of the people

2 competitive ideas about American Citizenship

-individualistic citizenship

-collective citizenship

individual citizenship

a view of citizenship focused on action to realize an individual citizen's interest

Collective Citizenship

a view of citizenship focused on action to realize the common good

Asylum seekers

people seeking protection or sanctuary, especially from political or religious persecution

Political Refugees

individuals who flee an area or country because of persecution on the basis of race, nationality, religion, group membership, or political opinion

political culture

the broad pattern of ideas, beliefs, and values that a population holds about its citizens and government

values

the central ideas, principles, or standards the most people agree are important.

Naturalization

the legal process of acquiring citizenship for someone who has not acquired it by birth

immigrants

citizens or subjects from one country who move to another country to live or work

nonimmigrants

people who come to the US as legal permanent residents (asylum seekers and political refugees)

individualism

the belief that what is good for society is based on what is good for individuals

American core values

-Democracy should be the procedure to make political decisions, to choose political leaders and select policies for the nation.

-Freedom for the individual from restraint by the state. Economic freedom, the freedom to participate in the marketplace, to acquire money and property, and to do with those resources pretty much as we please.

-Equality government should guarantee equality of treatment, of access, of opportunity, not equality of result.

Why did settlers come to the new world?

God, Gold, Glory

Who had the power in the colonies?

Motherland: Great Britain

what caused the colonies to want to split from England?

The British government were left in debt due to the French and Indian war, leaving them to tax the colonies. Colonist felt this was unfair since they didn't get a say.

John Locke (1632-1704)

"Father of Liberalism," Two Treatiseson Government. Religious tolerance. Theory on valueand property, ownership of property is created by theapplication of labor.

Common Sense

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation and persuaded many Americans to support the revolutionary cause

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it is a political document that dissolved the colonial ties between the US and Britain

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the United States (1777), creating an association of states with a weak central government

What determined if someone could vote?(unfinished flashcard)

-tests (prevented a bulk of citizens from participating in government)

-property: had to own it

-gender: med could, but only women who owned property and had no voting males in their household

-race: whites ofc, but Africans were initially subjected to the same laws as Europeans

Intolerable Acts of 1774

4 acts to punish Boston for the Tea Party:

1. Closed Boston Harbor until damages from Party were paid.

2. Massachusetts's Government Act restricted Massachusetts; democratic town meetings and turned the governor's council into an appointed body.

3. Administration of Justice Act, which made British officials immune to criminal prosecution in Massachusetts.

4. Quartering Act, which required colonists to house and quarter British troops on demand, including in their private homes as a last resort.

Confederation

a government in which independent states unite for common purpose but retain their own sovereignty

Why were the Articles of Confederation replaced?

The Articles were ultimately replaced because, without a strong central government, they were unable to provide the economic and political stability that the founders wanted

What type of government did the Articles of Confederations set up?

a confederation because it established a system in which each state retained almost all the power to do what it wanted.

Popular Tyranny

The unrestrained power of the people

Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)

grassroot uprising by armed Massachusetts farmers protesting foreclosures

Constitutional Congress

assembly of 55 delegates in the summer of 1787 to recast the Articles of Confederation; the result was the US constitution

What even resulted in the US Constitution?

Constitutional Congress

Federalism

a political system in which power is divided between the central and regional units.

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution who favored a strong central government

Antifederalists

advocates of states' rights who opposed the Constitution

Federalist Papers

a series of essays written to build support for ratification of the Constitution

Federalist 51

Madison: institutions proposed by Constitution would lead to neither corruption nor tyranny. Checks and Balances, and Separation of Power will prevent it.

Federalist 10

Madison: Greatest danger to a republic came from factions

(argued for a republic)

Federalist 84

Hamilton: argued a Bill of Rights was not necessary in a constitution

Bill of Rights

a summary of citizen rights guaranteed and protected by a government; added to the Constitution as its first ten amendments in order to achieve ratification

Virginia Plan

a proposal at the Constitutional Convention that congressional representation be based on population, thus favoring the large states

-created by James Madison

New Jersey Plan

a proposal at the Constitutional Convention that congressional representation be equal, thus favoring the small states

Great Compromise

the constitutional solution to congressional representation: equal votes in the Senate, votes by population in the House

Three-Fifths Compromise

the formula for counting five enslaved people as three people for purposes of representation, which reconciled northern and southern factions at the Constitutional Convention

Who called for a Bill of Rights?

Antifederalists

What political event do many young Republicans feel they will see in their lifetimes?

A civil war

The informal, unwritten expectations that guide behavior and support formal rule systems are ______.

norms

Which establishes a system in which the state allows people economic freedom but maintains stringent social regulations to limit noneconomic behavior?

authoritarian capitalism

A political system in which the government exercises absolute power over every aspect of life is an example of which of the following?

authoritarian

totalitarian

Which establishes a system in which the state holds all power over the social order?

authoritarian governments

Who would primarily be concerned with how society's wealth is distributed?

economists

What are directives that specify how resources will be distributed or what procedures govern collective activity?

rules

What form of political engagement occurs by organizing individuals online around a particular issue?

hashtag activism

The United States, where decisions are made through representatives of the people, is an example of which of the following?

republic

A child born in 2005 who is proficient in, and dependent upon, digital technology is an example of which of the following?

digital native

Who are those for whom most personal and commercial relationships, recreational and professional activities, and communication with others all pass through third-party channels?

mediated citizens

Who are citizens or subjects of one country who move to another country to live or work?

immigrants

Who are individuals who flee from an area or country because of persecution on the basis of race, nationality, religion, group membership, or political opinion?

refugees

Who is empowered by Congress to exercise authority in all immigration matters for both legal and undocumented immigrants to this country?

United States Citizenship and Immigration Services