Bio. Apps. Final Exam

Coelomate

An organism with a true body cavity (coelom) that is entirely lined by mesoderm tissue, allowing for more complex organ development and functional separation.

Pseudocoelomate

An organism with a body cavity (pseudocoelom) that is not entirely lined by mesoderm, resulting in less complex organ development compared to coelomates.

acoelomate

An organism that lacks a true body cavity, having solid mesodermal tissue between the ectoderm and endoderm layers. This structure limits organ development and complexity.

anterior

Located at or near the front end of an organism, often associated with directionality in anatomy.

posterior

Located at or near the back end of an organism, often used to describe anatomical orientation.

dorsal

Relating to the back side of an organism; in animals, it typically refers to the upper surface.

ventral

Relating to the belly or underside of an organism; in animals, it usually denotes the lower surface.

Levels of classification

The hierarchy used in biological taxonomy to categorize organisms, consisting of categories such as domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

3 domains of life

The three primary classifications of life forms, which include Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Each domain represents a major lineage of organisms distinguished by cellular structure and genetic characteristics.

4 kingdoms in domain eurkarya

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista

gametes

egg and sperm

zygote

fertilized egg

blastula

ball of cells

endoderm layer

lining of reproductive and digestive tract

ectoderm layer

skin, hair, nails, and nerves

radial symmetry

sea anemone; around a centralized area

bilateral symmetry

a body plan with distinct left and right halves, often seen in animals like humans; like a butterfly

vertebrates

animals with a backbone, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

invertebrates

animals without a backbone, including species like jellyfish, worms, and insects.

cephalization

the evolutionary trend where sensory organs and nervous tissue become concentrated at the anterior end of an organism, typically seen in bilateral symmetrical animals.

protostomes

animals in which the mouth develops before the anus during embryonic development, typically including arthropods and mollusks.

domain of animals

domain Eukarya

Kingdom of animals

Kingdom of Animals

P. porifera

sponges

P. Cnidaria

corals, box jellies, portuguese man-o-war

Class Hydrozoa

Portoguese man-o-war, hydra

C. Cubozoa

box jellies

Cnidocytes

stinging cells

C. Anthozoa

corals and sea anemones

P. Mollusca

clams, octopus, and snails

C. Gastropoda

snails, slugs, and nudibranchs

C. Bivalvia

clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels

C. Cephalopoda

octopus, squid, cuttlefish, and chambered nautilus

P. Annelida

earthworms and leeches

Earthworm food

dirt, dead leaves, other dead things in soil

C. Hirudinea

leeches

Characteristics of arthropods

segmentation, jointed appendages, exoskeleton

S.P. Crustacea

crabs, lobsters, and crayfish

S.P. Chelicerata

spiders, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs

Millipedes

2 pairs of legs per segment; herbivores

Centipedes

1 pair of legs per segment; carnivores

Insects

3 pairs of legs; up to 2 pairs of wings

C. Ophiuroidea

basket stars and brittle stars

C. Asteroidea

Sea stars

C. Crinoidea

sea lilies and feather stars

C. Holothuroidea

sea cucmbers

C. Echinoidea

sea urchin and sand dollars

S.P. Urochordata

tunicate and sea squirts

S.P. Cephalochordata

lancelets

P. Chordata

includes all animals with a backbone

C. Chondrichthyes

cartilaginous fish like sharks

Jawless fish

lampreys and hagfishes

C. Cephalospidomorphii

lampreys

Lobe finned fishes

can breath with lungs and walk on land

C. Actinopterygii

Ray finned fishes

Frog life cycle

eggs, tadpole, froglet, adult frog

C. Amphibia

frogs, salamanders, and caecilians

O. Anura

frogs and toads

O. Caudata

Newts and salamanders

O. Gymnophiona

caecilians

O. Squamata

snakes and lizards

Carapace

shell on the dorsal surface of a turtle or tortoise

Scales

body covering of a reptile

C. Aves

birds

C. Mammalia

mammals

Blood types

A, B, AB, and O

Universal donor

O-

Universal recipient

AB+

Blood in other animals

looks different from humans

Blood to solve a crime

can match blood at the crime scene to a suspect's blood type and exclude people

Parent drop

main part of the blood drop

Spines

projections that form from the edges of a blood drop as it falls

satellite spatter

small droplets of blood that radiate out from a parent drop after impact.

Type of fingerprints

that are classified into three main categories: whorls, loops, and arches.

Skull and pelvis

used to determine the sex of a skeleton

Parts of hair strand

include the cuticle, cortex, and medulla.

Coccus

a type of spherical bacterium that can appear alone, in pairs, or in chains.

Staph

when bacteria clusters together

Helix

viral shape that is spring-like

Gram + bacteria

appears purple after Gram staining due to their thick peptidoglycan layer.

Plant viruses

attacks plants