Noninfectious ENT & Respiratory Disorders

What is amblyopia, and what does it cause?

“lazy eye”, can cause reduction in visual acuity, usually unilateral but can be bilateral

What % of children have ambylopia?

1-4%

When does amblyopia usually develop?

during 1st decade of life

What are the various etiologies of amblyopia?

strabismus, refractive errors, visual deprivation

What % of ambylopia is due to strabismus?

50%

What are refractive errors?

myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia, astigmatism

What is visual deprivation?

cataracts, ptosis

How is an amblyopia diagnosis made?

via visual acuity (VA) screening

What referral is done for amblyopia?

optometric/opthalmologic referral

What is anisometropia?

foveas of the two eyes are presented with different image clarity; one image is well focused while the other is not

What is pseudostrabismus?

optical illusion in which a wide nasal or epicanthal fold covers the nasal sclera, making the eyes appear esotropic

What will the corneal light reflex and cover/uncover test results be in pseudostrabismus?

normal

How is foreign body from the ear canal removed?

forceps or irrigation, but if really hard to remove, refer to ENT

What FB is considered an emergency?

disk batteries due to risk of burn/scar

What are signs of nasal foreign bodies?

• unilateral, foul-smelling rhinorrhea, haltosis

• bleeding and nasal obstruction can result

How do remove a nasal FB?

• positive pressure

• manual

• if large or wedged, refer to ENT

What nasal FB object is an emergency and why?

Batteries are an emergency! can cause necrosis of mucosa and cartilage destruction within 4 hrs

What is the manual nasal FB removal process?

topical lidocaine, nasal decongestant, and forceps or righ-angle instrument