Biological molecules

What chemical elements make up a lipid and carbohydrate

C H O

What chemical elements make up a protein

C H O N S

What chemical proteins make up nucleic acids

C H O N

Define monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule

Draw alpha Glucose

C6hH2O6

Draw Beta glucose

C6h1O6

Difference between Beta and Alpha glucose?

In Alpha glucose the OH on carbon 1 is at the bottom and in Beta glucose the OH is at the top.

what do you get when you bond 2 alpha glucoses together

a disaccharide

What is the bond from a disaccharide called

1-4 glycosidic bond

How is the alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond formed

By a condensation reacation

Draw ribose

C5H10)5

Difference between ribose and glucose

Ribose is a pentose sugar and glucose is a hexose sugar.

Alpha glucose + Alpha glucose =

Maltose

Beta glucose + galactose =

Lactose

Alpha glucose + Fructose =

Sucrose

Draw a diagram of water and include the correct labels

(must include the hydrogen bond lable and water is polar label)

Why is water polar?

Oxygen and hydrogen do not share electrons equally when joined by a covalent bond. So you get an uneven distribution of charge around the molecule.

Property of water (BP)

Importance for living organism

Example in nature

Unusually high boiling point

A lot of energy needed to break hydrogen bonds

Stable water temperature for aquatic animals; less energy spent on temperature control

Property of water (Ice

Ice is less dense than water

Ice forms insulating layer above water below

Ice floats on the surface of the sea and is a habitat.

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Property of water (Cohsv Prop)

Importance for living organism

Example in nature

Cohesive properties

Creates a high surface tension for insects.

Easier for plants to draw up\[ water for the roots.

Property of water (adh prop)

Importance for living organism

Example in nature

Adhesive properties

Moves up the xylem into the plant

Water is attracted to other molecules

Property of water (solv for pol molc)

Importance for living organism

Example in nature

Acts as a solvent for polar molecules

Allows mineral ions to be transported

Glucose in the blood.

Property of water (transport med)

Importance for living organism

Example in nature

Transport medium

Allows the transport of soluble substances

Transporting substances around the blood.

property of water

Importance for living organism

Example in nature

Coolant

Evaporating for cooling

Sweating in animals

Property of water (stable temp)

Importance for living organism

Example in nature

Temperature remains relatively stable

Creates a stable temperature for enzymes

Metabolic reactions

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Property of water (Cap ac)

Importance for living organism

Example in nature

Capillary action

allows water to move up narrow vessels

e.g xylem

what is a Polysaccharide

Polymers that are formed by many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds formed by condensation reactions.

What is amylose made of

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Structure of amylose

coiled structure which is compact

Advantage of the structure of amylose

Perfect for carbohydrate storage

Doesn’t affect osmosis

insoluble (property)

What is amylopectin made of

Alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds

Structure of amylopectin

Branched structure

advantage of the structure of amylopectin

easy to hydrolyse

What hydrolyses amylopectin and why

enzymes hydrolyse amylopectin and turn it into glucose so it can be used for aerobic respiration to make ATP

Structure of glycogen and why is it structured like that?

Contains many branches and is compact due to the alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

Properties of glycogen

Insoluble

doesn’t affect water potential

compact

where is glycogen stored

In the liver

What is cellulose made from

Beta glucose

What is special about the structure of cellulose

Every second beta glucose orientates 180°

Structure of cellulose

Beta glucose chains form cross links between each other.

What are the cross links of cellulose made up of

Hydrogen bonds.

What do crosslinks form and what does that structure form and so on

crosslinks form microfibrils microfibrils form macrofibrils and macrofibrils from cellulose fibres

Properties of cellulose

High tensile strength

Insoluble

Doesn’t affect water potential

Inert

What is glucose stored as

Starch

What is starch made of

Amylose and amylopectin

What does a cell do when it needs glucosse

It hydrolysis

what is a triglyceride made of (draw it)

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

what are the bonds between the fatty acids and glycerol called

Ester bonds

What makes a fatty acid unsaturated

A double bond

Draw a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid

\~Not bent and bent

properties of unsaturated fatty acids

less dense so they are liquid as there is more space between them

What is a phospholipid made of

What bond does it contain

a glycerol two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Ester bond

Properties of a phosphollipid

The heads are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic

What is found in between the tails of a phospholipid

Cholesterol

Role of lipids (Mem form & ______n of HP barriers)

Explanation and examples

Membrane formation and creation of hydrophobic barriers

Phospholipids form the cell membrane

Role of lipids (HRMN PRD)

Explanation and examples

Hormone production

Produces testosterone

Role of lipids (ELCTRC INSLTN)

Explanation and examples

Electrical Insulation

Necessary for impulse transmission ( e.g Myelin sheath)

Role of lipids (WTR PRFNG)

Explanation and examples

Water proofing

Birds feathers and plant leaves.

Role of lipids (CSHNG PRTCTN)

Explanation and examples

Cushioning/protection

Protects vital organs e.g the heart and kidneys.

Role of lipids b(BNCY)

Explanation and examples

buoyancy

Aquatic animals e.g wales

Role of lipids (ENGY STR)

Explanation and examples

Energy store

Respiratory systems

Role of lipids (ADNG ABSRBTN)

Explanation and examples

Aiding absorbption

soluble molecules e.g vitamin D&A

Role of cholesterol

Regulates fluidity

What are proteins made of

Amino acids

Draw and label an amino acid and then draw two repeating units a and label

CHON

What is the bond between 2 amino acids called

Peptide bond

Primary structure

The sequence of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds

Secondary structure

Folding of the polypeptide chain; held in place with hydrogen bonds; alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

Tertiary structure

Further folding of the polypeptide chain

held in place by hydrogen bonds; disulfide bridges (s=s) ionic bonds; amino acids with hydrophobic groups orientate towards the protein and amino acids with hydrophilic R groups orientate away from the protein.

Quaternary structure

More than 1 polypeptide chain

What do Globular proteins do

Provide a metabolic role

What type of proteins are globular

Enzymes or hormones

Properties of globular proteins

compact

Spherical (usually)

soluble

folding keeps hydrophobic R groups away from environment

What is a conjugated protein

A globular protein with a prosthetic group

what is a prosthetic group

a non protein group

Why is insulin soluble

So it can be transported around the blood

How can insulin be detected by its receptor

its very specific shape

Structure of haemoglobin

2 alpha polypeptide chains and 2 beta polypeptide chains

4 haem groups made of iron which make it easier to bind to oxygen.

Why does Haemoglobin change shape

To accommodate more oxygen

What does catalase do

Catalyses active site and breaks down haem groups

Where are fibrous proteins found

Collagen in ears , keratin in nails and hair elastin in blood vessels.

What structure does a fibrous protein not have

tertiary structure

What makes a fibrous protein insoluble

High proportion of amino acids with hydrophobic R groups

What do fibrous proteins form

Long chains which run parallel to each other.

Linked by cross - bridges forming strong structures.

Keratin

wheres it found

property

what does it contain

Flexible in hair and nails

Hard and tough

contains di - sulfide bridges

Elastin

Wheres it found

Property

Walls of blood vessels

Stretches and recoils back to its original shape.

collagen

wheres it found

whats it made of

property

Found in skin, ligaments and nervous system

3 polypeptide chains entwined and wrapped and held by H+ bonds

flexible but doesn’t stretch.

symbol of calcium Ion

Ca2+

Symbol of sodium Ion

Na+

symbol of potassium ion

K+

Symbol of hydrogen Ion

H+

Symbol of Ammonium Ion

NH4+

Nitrate ion symbol

\-No

HYdrogen carbonate symbol

HCO3-

Phosphate ion symbol

PO^34-

Hydroxide ion symbol

OH-

Chloride ion symbol

Cl-

How to calculate RF value

distance travelled by component/distance travelled by solvent

What do you have to do to a calibre

Calibrate to 0 using a blank