animal nutrition lab prac

lipid energy storage

2.25x amount of carbohydrates

lipid functions

energy storage, carry fat-soluble vitamins, found in cell membranes, waxes

lipids in cell membranes

important roles in cell-signaling. glycerophospholipids, phospholipids, and sterol lipids form key components of the biological membrane

waxes

esters of fatty acids are found in leaves, fruits, feathers of birds, and fur of animals providing protection from dehydration

lipids are components of:

plant and animal tissue.

lipid solubility

insoluble in water. soluble in organic solvents, such as ethyl ether, benzene, or hexane

2 phases of lipids

organic & aqueous

saturated fatty acids

each carbon in the chain is fully saturated with hydrogen bonds. animal sources (lard, butter, other dairy products). typically solid at room temperature

unsaturated fatty acids

double bonds between adjacent carbons. chain is not fully saturated with hydrogen. plant sources (vegetable oil, cottonseed oil, etc). typically liquid at room temperature

essential fatty acids

required because the animal cannot synthesize them in high enough amounts or at all. fat soluble vitamins. required for biological processes but does not include the fats that only act as fuel. 

fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

mammal essential fatty acids

linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and occasionally arachadonic acid. if fed in excess, these EFAs will contribute to energy

linoleic acid

C18:2 (Omega 6)

linolenic acid

C18:3 (Omega 3)

arachadonic acid

C20:4. can be synthesized from lenoleic acid if not supplied

bile aids in digestion of lipids through _______

emulsification

ingesta enters the duodenum=hormonal response to release:

bile

emulsification

process in which large lipid globules are broken down into several small lipid globules. small globules can then be distributed throughout the chyme (ingesta)

micelles

tiny spheres formed by bile salts surrounding long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides

lipases can only act efficiently on the lipids when they are broken into _____ droplets.

small

lipases break down lipids into:

fatty acids and glycerides

micelle heads

hydrophillic (water loving)

micelle tails

hydrophobic (water-hating)

micelles in digestion

brush border of small intestine

long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides diffuse out of the micelles and into the_____

enterocyte

triglycerides=

long chain fatty acids + monoglycerides

triglycerides + proteins

chylomicrons

chylomicrons inside

triglycerides, cholesterol, and other lipids

chylomicrons surface

proteins, hydrophillic phosphate “heads” of phospholipids. enable the chylomicron to move in an aqueous environment without exposing the lipids to water

most abundant (non-water) nutrient in livestock diets accounting for 70-80% of the dry matter of plants

carbohydrate

carbohydrate

organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1) (CH2O)n

monosaccharrides

simple sugars. 1 molecule of sugar, most are pentoses or hexoses, most common in plants are glucose and fructose (6C)

glucose

monosaccharide. most important sugar in nutrition, aka dextrose. component of disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose). component of starch

fructose

monosaccharide. fruit sugar, found in grasses

galactose

monosaccharride. component of milk sugar (lactose)

disaccharrides

2 monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond, the type of bond that links simple sugars together in more complex carbohydrates.

sucrose

disaccharide. glucose + fructose. table sugar. most common disaccharide in plants

lactose

disaccharride. galactose + glucose. milk sugar. 

maltose

disaccharide. glucose + glucose. created mainly when starch is broken down by amylase

cellobiose

disaccharride. glucose + glucose. joined together by b-1,4 linkage.

are there enzymes that break down b-1,4 linkages in mammals?

no, only microbial cellulase

oligosaccharide

3-10 monosaccharrides. trisaccharrides, tetrasaccharides

trisaccharrides

3 sugars. EX: raffinose, occurs in small amounts in sugar beets, soybean meal, and cottonseed meal

tetrasaccharide

4 sugars. EX: stachyose, found primarily in soybeans

sugar is a general term referring to:

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides

common livestock feeds that are considered a good source of sugar?

beet pulp, citrus pulp, molasses, almond hulls, bakery waste.

average sugar content of dairy diets

3-4%

average sugar content of beef diets

3-4%

average sugar content of equine diets

10-12% (grass pasture)

polysaccharides

greater than 10 sugars. starch, cellulose (both polymers of glucose)

starch

polysaccharide. a-1,4 linkages. 2 major molecules: amylose (20-30% in grain), amylopectin (70-80% in grain)

amylose

plant starch. unbranched chain of alpha-linked glucose units

amylopectin

plant starch. highly branched chain of alpha-linked glucose units.

common livestock feeds high in starch

grains, potato waste

starch content of dairy diets

26% (lactation)

starch content of beef diets

36% or greater (finisher diet)

starch content of swine diets

36% or greater

fiber

polysaccharides. cellulose, hemicellulose

cellulose

b-1,4 linked glucose. mammalian enzyme system does not produce enzyme to break the linkages between units

hemicellulose

branched polysaccharide (mixture of pentoses and hexoses). b-1,4 linked sugar residues

functions of carbohydrates in plants

simple sugars (energy transformations and tissue synthesis, especially glucose and ribose), starch( energy reserves in roots, tubers, seeds), cellulose & hemicellulose (structural support for living plants)

functions of carbohydrates in animals

source of energy and heat, building blocks for other nutrients, glucose in excess of needs for energy and storage as glycogen is converted and stored in the body as fat

carbohydrate digestion

only monosaccharides can be absorbed from the digestive system. di, oligo, and polysaccharides must be hydrolyzed (broken down) into monosaccharides prior to absorption

evaluation of carbohydrate concentration in feedstuffs

NDF, ADF, TDF, CF, NFC, NSC

NDF

neutral detergent fiber (ruminants)

ADF

acid detergent fiber (ruminants)

TDF

total dietary fiber (swine, humans)

CF

crude fiber

NFC

non-fiber carbohydrates

NSC

non-structural carbohydrates

total carbohydrates:

non-fiber carbohydrates & structural/fiber carbohydrates

non-fiber carbohydrates

pectins, starches, sugars. nonstructural carbohydrates

nonstructural carbohydrates

sugars, starches

structural carbohydrates

neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber. lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins

acid detergent fiber

cellulose, lignin

neutral detergent fiber

hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

carbohydrates→

simple sugar, complex sugars

simple sugars→

monosaccharides, disaccharides

monosaccharides→

glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides→

maltose, sucrose, lactose

complex sugars→

starch, glycogen, fiber

what are proteins

organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

proteins are needed to:

grow new tissues and to repair old tissues in an animal

every day, _____% of the body’s proteins are rebuilt.

3-5%

to determine the crude protein content of a forage or feedstuff, nitrogen content is measured and multiplied by ____

6.25

crude protein is comprised of both:

true protein and nonprotein nitrogen

(T/F) not all nitrogen-containing compounds are true proteins

true

most animals can synthesize the ______ amino acids

nonessential

essential amino acids must be supplied in the diets of ______ animals

nonruminant

(T/F) monogastric animals are unable to synthesize amino acids and thus should have their diets supplemented with proteins containing the 10 essential amino acids

true

(T/F) ruminants can synthesize all amino acids by microbial action in the rumen

true

____ is normally not required in healthy adult animals

arginine

PVT TIM HALL

phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan. threonine, isoleucine, methionine. histidine, arginine, lysine, leucine

liebig barrel

protein is rain barrel, amino acids are individual staves that make up the barrel. when one stave is shorter than the others, the barrel can only be filled to the shortest level → one amino acid is deficient, proteins can only be synthesized to the level of that amino acid

legume limited amino acid

methionine

legume complement

grains

grains limited amino acid

lysine, threonine

grains complement

legumes

corn limited amino acid

tryptophan, lysine

corn complement

legumes