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Disease
Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a body part, organ, or system
1. Cell injury (degeneration, necrosis & death)
2. Cell and tissue accumulations
3. Vascular disorders and thrombosis
4. Inflammation and repair
5. Disturbance in growth - neoplastic
6. Disturbance in growth - non-neoplastic
What are the 6 recognized disease processes?
Cell degeneration
Reversible injury, manifested as some abnormality of biochemical function, a recognizable structural change, or a combined biochemical and structural abnormality
Cell necrosis
Irreversible injury, the occurrence of cell death in living tissue
Apoptosis
Active process whereby cells intentionally initiate and progress to death by internal processes
Oncosis
Passive process whereby cells are unable to maintain homeostasis and this progresses to death
Blood coagulation defect, blood vessel injury, blood vessel obstruction, circulatory failure
What are examples of vascular disorders?
Circulatory failure
Condition where arterial pressure and capillary stream are reduced to an extent that normal organ function is impaired
Hypovolemic shock
Shock resulting from blood or fluid loss
Cardiogenic shock
Shock from arrhythmias and fibrillations, myocardial infarctions, or congenital heart defects
Hypovolemic and cardiogenic
What are the two types of shock?
Vascular thrombosis
Inappropriate clot forms on interior wall of heart or vessel
1. Endothelial injury
2. Abnormal blood flow
3. Hypercoagulability
What are the three parts of Virchow's triad in thrombosis?
1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. Loss of function
What are the 5 main signs of acute inflammation?
Mainly neutrophils
What type of white blood cell is involved in acute inflammation?
Lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages
What type of white blood cells are involved in chronic inflammation?
PAMPs
Pathogen associated molecular patterns
DAMPs
Damage associated molecular patterns
Neoplasia
Disease process characterized by cells originally derived from normal tissues that have undergone somatic genetic changes allowing them to become relatively unresponsive to normal growth controls and to expand beyond their normal anatomic boundaries
Benign, malignant
Neoplasia can be _________ or __________
1. Hyperplasia
2. Hypertrophy
3. Atrophy
4. Atrophy
5. Hypoplasia
6. Hypotrophy
What are examples of non-neoplastic disturbances?
Hyperplasia
Increased tissue mass due to increased number of cells
Hypertrophy
Increased tissue mass due to increased size of cells
Atrophy
Decreased tissue mass due to decreased number and/or size of cells
Hypoplasia
Decreased tissue mass due to failure to develop normally; decreased number of cells
Hypotrophy
Decreased tissue mass due to decreased size of cells
True
T or F: Disease processes may overlap
Etiology
Cause of a disease
Prognosis
Prediction of the progression or outcome of a disease
Heredity
The genetic transmission of characters from parent to offspring
Genome
Accumulation of all genetic code of an organism in a somatic cell
1. Prokaryotes are single celled, eukaryotes are multicellular organisms
2. Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles, eukaryotes do
3. Prokaryote's DNA is organized in circular DNA, eukaryote's DNA is organized in chromosomal or linear DNA
What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Von Willebrand's disease
What is an example of an autosomal dominant disease?
Von Willebrand's disease
Congenital bleeding disorder in which the animal is lacking Von Willebrand's clotting factor (VWF) which leads to prolonged bleeding
Gene
A hereditary unit; a sequence of chromosomal DNA that is required for a functional product
Locus
Location of a gene on a chromosome
Karyotype
A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
Nucleus
Where are chromosomes located?
Nucleosome
DNA wrapped around histones is called what?
Solenoid
Nucleosomes wrapped into higher order coils