Lecture 1: Introduction

Disease

Any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a body part, organ, or system

1. Cell injury (degeneration, necrosis & death)
2. Cell and tissue accumulations
3. Vascular disorders and thrombosis
4. Inflammation and repair
5. Disturbance in growth - neoplastic
6. Disturbance in growth - non-neoplastic

What are the 6 recognized disease processes?

Cell degeneration

Reversible injury, manifested as some abnormality of biochemical function, a recognizable structural change, or a combined biochemical and structural abnormality

Cell necrosis

Irreversible injury, the occurrence of cell death in living tissue

Apoptosis

Active process whereby cells intentionally initiate and progress to death by internal processes

Oncosis

Passive process whereby cells are unable to maintain homeostasis and this progresses to death

Blood coagulation defect, blood vessel injury, blood vessel obstruction, circulatory failure

What are examples of vascular disorders?

Circulatory failure

Condition where arterial pressure and capillary stream are reduced to an extent that normal organ function is impaired

Hypovolemic shock

Shock resulting from blood or fluid loss

Cardiogenic shock

Shock from arrhythmias and fibrillations, myocardial infarctions, or congenital heart defects

Hypovolemic and cardiogenic

What are the two types of shock?

Vascular thrombosis

Inappropriate clot forms on interior wall of heart or vessel

1. Endothelial injury
2. Abnormal blood flow
3. Hypercoagulability

What are the three parts of Virchow's triad in thrombosis?

1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. Loss of function

What are the 5 main signs of acute inflammation?

Mainly neutrophils

What type of white blood cell is involved in acute inflammation?

Lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages

What type of white blood cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

PAMPs

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

DAMPs

Damage associated molecular patterns

Neoplasia

Disease process characterized by cells originally derived from normal tissues that have undergone somatic genetic changes allowing them to become relatively unresponsive to normal growth controls and to expand beyond their normal anatomic boundaries

Benign, malignant

Neoplasia can be _________ or __________

1. Hyperplasia
2. Hypertrophy
3. Atrophy
4. Atrophy
5. Hypoplasia
6. Hypotrophy

What are examples of non-neoplastic disturbances?

Hyperplasia

Increased tissue mass due to increased number of cells

Hypertrophy

Increased tissue mass due to increased size of cells

Atrophy

Decreased tissue mass due to decreased number and/or size of cells

Hypoplasia

Decreased tissue mass due to failure to develop normally; decreased number of cells

Hypotrophy

Decreased tissue mass due to decreased size of cells

True

T or F: Disease processes may overlap

Etiology

Cause of a disease

Prognosis

Prediction of the progression or outcome of a disease

Heredity

The genetic transmission of characters from parent to offspring

Genome

Accumulation of all genetic code of an organism in a somatic cell

1. Prokaryotes are single celled, eukaryotes are multicellular organisms
2. Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles, eukaryotes do
3. Prokaryote's DNA is organized in circular DNA, eukaryote's DNA is organized in chromosomal or linear DNA

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Von Willebrand's disease

What is an example of an autosomal dominant disease?

Von Willebrand's disease

Congenital bleeding disorder in which the animal is lacking Von Willebrand's clotting factor (VWF) which leads to prolonged bleeding

Gene

A hereditary unit; a sequence of chromosomal DNA that is required for a functional product

Locus

Location of a gene on a chromosome

Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape

Nucleus

Where are chromosomes located?

Nucleosome

DNA wrapped around histones is called what?

Solenoid

Nucleosomes wrapped into higher order coils