Study Notes on Cell Theory, Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
View linked note
Call Kai
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards
Knowt Play1/90
There's no tags or description
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced | Call with Kai |
|---|
No analytics yet
Send a link to your students to track their progress
91 Terms
Cell Theory
A scientific theory encompassing the idea that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic functional unit of life, and cells arise only from preexisting cells.
Hydrogen Peroxide
A compound that is important to cellular function and is involved in breaking down long-chain fatty acids in peroxisomes.
Cytoskeleton
A network of three types of filaments: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments that provide structure and support to the cell.
Microfilaments
Components of the cytoskeleton made of actin that play roles in muscle contraction and cytokinesis.
Microtubules
Part of the cytoskeleton that provides structural support and is involved in chromosome movement during cell division.
Intermediate Filaments
A diverse set of proteins that provide structural integrity to the cell.
Epithelial Cells
Cells that form protective barriers and are involved in secretion and absorption.
Simple Epithelial Tissue
A single layer of epithelial cells.
Stratified Epithelial Tissue
Multiple layers of epithelial cells.
Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissue
Appears multi-layered but is a single layer of epithelial cells.
Connective Tissue
Tissue that connects and supports other tissues in the body, including types such as bone, cartilage, blood, and adipose tissue.
Prokaryotic Cells
Unicellular organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles, characterized by a single circular DNA molecule.
Archaea
Single-celled prokaryotes often found in extreme environments, known for diverse metabolic pathways.
Bacteria
Prokaryotic organisms studied for their roles in human health and disease, classified as gram-positive or gram-negative.
Gram Staining
A technique for differentiating bacterial species based on the characteristics of their cell walls.
Acellular
Referring to viruses, which are not composed of cells and cannot replicate independently.
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
Organisms, such as viruses, that require a host cell to reproduce.
Exponential Growth Phase
A phase during bacterial population dynamics marked by rapid cell division.
Lytic Cycle
A viral replication cycle that results in the destruction of the host cell.
Lysogenic Cycle
A viral replication cycle in which the viral DNA integrates into the host genome.
Autolysis
The process of self-digestion or cell self-destruction via hydrolytic enzymes.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The primary energy carrier in cells.
Cristae
Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase the surface area for the electron transport chain.
Proton-Motive Force
The force that drives protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, producing ATP.
Cell Membrane
A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, providing protection and regulating the transport of substances in and out.
Osmosis
The movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Endocytosis
A process by which cells internalize substances by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.
Exocytosis
The process of releasing substances from a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane.
Lipid Bilayer
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up the cell membrane, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
Ribosomes
Molecular machines within cells that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.
Chloroplasts
Organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.
Cellular Respiration
The metabolic process in which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
Homeostasis
The ability of a cell or organism to maintain internal stability despite changes in external conditions.
Signal Transduction Pathways
The process by which a cell responds to external signals, involving changing the behavior of the cell.
Cytoplasm
The jelly-like substance that fills a cell, containing organelles and facilitating metabolic processes.
Cell Cycle
The series of phases that a cell goes through as it grows and divides, including interphase and mitotic phase.
Mitotic Phase
The phase of the cell cycle in which cell division occurs, including mitosis and cytokinesis.
Meiosis
A specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, forming gametes.
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into various cell types.
Cell Differentiation
The process by which a cell matures and acquires specific functions and characteristics.
Apical Surface
The upper surface of epithelial cells that faces the external environment or a lumen.
Basal Surface
The bottom surface of epithelial cells that is anchored to the underlying connective tissue.
Extracellular Matrix
Complex network of proteins and carbohydrates outside the cells that provide structural and biochemical support.
Cell Theory
A scientific theory that describes the properties of cells, stating that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and cells arise only from existing cells.
Robert Hooke
A scientist who in 1665 used a microscope to first observe and describe cells in cork, laying the foundation for cell theory.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
The first scientist to observe living cells in 1674 using a microscope, greatly advancing microbiology.
Eukaryotic Cells
Complex cells that contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, and are characteristic of organisms in the domain Eukarya.
Prokaryotic Cells
Simple, unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles and have a less complex structure than eukaryotic cells.
Gram-positive Bacteria
Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan wall and retain the crystal violet stain used in Gram staining, typically appearing purple.
Gram-negative Bacteria
Bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane, and often appear pink in Gram staining due to their structural characteristics.
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of waste materials and cellular debris.
Mitochondria
Organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
An organelle network involved in protein and lipid synthesis; includes Rough ER (with ribosomes) and Smooth ER.
Golgi Apparatus
An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to their destinations.
Cytoskeleton
A network of protein filaments and tubules that help maintain cell shape, enable cell movement, and facilitate intracellular transport.
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue made of closely packed cells that form protective barriers and are involved in absorption and secretion.
Connective Tissue
Tissue that supports, binds together, and protects other tissues and organs, such as bone, blood, and adipose tissue.
Viruses
Acellular entities composed of genetic material encased in a protein coat, requiring a host cell to reproduce.
Antibiotic Resistance
The ability of bacteria to survive and reproduce despite the presence of antibiotics, often leading to treatment challenges.
Hydrogen Peroxide
A byproduct of metabolism that must be detoxified by enzymes like catalase to maintain cellular homeostasis.
Cell Membrane
A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Cristae
Folded inner membranes of mitochondria that increase surface area for ATP production.
Microtubules
Cylindrical structures made of tubulin that provide support and facilitate transport within the cell.
Intermediate Filaments
A diverse group of proteins that provide structural stability and resist mechanical stress in cells.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, a process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.
Autolysis
Self-digestion of cells through the release of hydrolytic enzymes, often during cell death.
Chemiosmosis
The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, crucial for ATP synthesis in mitochondria.
Nucleus
The control center of eukaryotic cells that houses the cell's genetic material and regulates gene expression.
Endocytosis
The process by which cells internalize substances from their environment through invagination of the cell membrane.
Exocytosis
The process of vesicles fusing with the cell membrane to release their contents outside the cell.
Antibiotic
A chemical substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills bacteria.
Binary Fission
A method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Extracellular Matrix
A complex network of proteins and polysaccharides that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
Pathogenic Bacteria
Bacteria that cause disease in hosts, often through infection or toxin production.
Virulence Factors
Molecules produced by pathogens that contribute to the pathogen's ability to cause disease.
