man/org exam 3

man org final

what are the inclusive dimensions of diversity

race, gender, lifestyle, pay level, function, competency, income, parents, language, work style, military experience, position, nationality, personality, identity

what are the traditional dimensions of diversity

Age, race, gender, lifestyle, pay level, disability, lifestyles

what is cognitive diversity

when a manger creates a heterogeneous team made up of individuals with diverse characteristics who bring different ideas, viewpoints, and ways of thinking and reasoning

what is ethnocentrism

the belief that one’s own group and culture are inherently superior to other groups or cultures

what is unconscious bias

attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understandings and actions with our conscious knowledge

what is ethnorelativism

the belief that groups and subcultures are inherently equal

what is viewing people who are different as being deficient called

prejudice

what is a glass ceiling

an invisible barrier that exists for women that limits their upward mobility in organizations

how can you increase the odds of women reaching the first rung

by starting women in business-line positions and offering development programs

what is a chief diversity officer

a senior management position whose role is to create inclusive working environments where everyone can flourish

what is a diversity committee

group of executives (and occasionally lower-level employees) charge with overseeing company ethics by ruling on questionable issues and discipling violators

what is cognitive dissonance

mental discomfort experienced when individuals hold conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or behaviors

what is perceptual distortion

errors in perceptual judgement

what is the self-serving bias

giving too much credit to yourself for doing well and blaming external factors for failing

what is grit

passion and persistence for achieving a long-term goal

what is authoritarianism

the idea that power and status differences should exist within the organization

what is self-awareness

being aware of the internal aspects of one’s nature, such as personality traits, beliefs, emotions, and perceptions, and appreciating how these aspects affect other people and the relationships you build

what are the big five personality factors

extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience

what is machiavellianism

acquiring power and manipulating others for personal gain

what is Fiedler’s Contingency Theory

theory that an individual’s leadership style is relatively stable and difficult to change, therefore, the basic idea is to match the leader’s style with the situation most favorable for effectiveness

what are the different types of leaders

charismatic, transformational, transactional, contemporary, level-5, servant, authentic, interactive

what is charismatic leadership and what are the sources of their impact

articulating a clear, appealing vision, exerting idealized influence, and providing inspirational motivation to stimulate people to do more than they would normally do, despite obstacles and personal sacrifice; lofty vision, ability to understand and empathize, and empowering and trusting subordinates

what is transformational leadership

individuals distinguished by their special ability to bring about innovation and change by creating an inspiring vision, shaping values, building relationships, and providing meaning for followers

what is transactional leadership

individuals who clarify the role and task requirements of subordinates, initiate structure, provide appropriate rewards, and display consideration for followers

what is contemporary leadership

style of leadership that believes that leadership evolves as the needs of the organization changes; it evolves with technology, economic conditions, labor conditions, and social/cultural morals of the time

what are the characteristics of level-5 leadership

highest level in a hierarchy of manger capabilities, lack of ego, fierce resolve to do what is best for the org, may seem shy and self-effacing, accept responsibility for failures, and give credits for successes of other people

what is servant leadership and the characteristics that go along with it

leadership style that transcends self-interest to serve others, the org, or society; believe that work exists for the development of the worker just as much as the worker exists to do the work ; give away power, ideas, information, recognition, credit and money

what is authentic leadership and its characteristics

leadership style that draws on a leader’s self-awareness, self-regulation, and alignment of words and actions towards followers to inspire trust who place high value on personal relationships, supporting followers, being courageous, and standing up for what one believes in; pursues purpose with passion, practices solid values, connects with others, leads with the heart as well as the head, demonstrates self-discipline

what is interactive leadership

leader favors a consensual and collaborative process, and influences derives from relationships rather than positions of power and formal authority

what are intrinsic rewards

internal motivational rewards stemming from personal satisfaction, pride, and accomplishment

what are extrinsic rewards

external incentives that are typically monetary; bonuses or recognition

what is punishment

the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following an undesirable behavior

what is avoidance learning

removing unpleasant consequences once a behavior is improved (aka negative reinforcement)

what is extinction

withholding positive rewards and essentially ignoring undesirable behavior

what is positive reinforcement

the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior

what is expectancy theory

proposes that motivation depends on individuals assumptions about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards

what is goal setting theory

theory that proposes that specific, challenging goals increase motivation and performance when they are accepted by subordinates and these subordinates receive feedback to indicate their progress toward goal achievement

what is the acquired needs theory

theory that proposes that certain types of needs are acquired during the individuals lifetime; people are not born with their needs, but rather learn them through their life experieneces

what is ERG theory

a modification of the needs hierarchy that proposes three categories of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth

what is reinforcement theory

a theory based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences

what is equity theory

theory that focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others

what is two-factor theory

motivation theory that workers satisfaction is created based on two different factors, hygiene factors and motivators; suggests that work characteristics associated with dissatisfaction differ from those pertaining to satisfaction

what are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

theory that says that people are motivated by five categories of needs, physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self actualization that exist in a hierarchical order

you don’t have to have a leader if your organization has ________

substitutions

what are substitutes for leadership

something that makes the leadership style unnecessary or redundant

what are neutralizers

something that counteracts the leadership style and precents the leader from displaying certain behaviors

what is Percy and Blanchard’s Situational Model of Leadership

model that focuses on the characteristics of followers in determining appropriate leadership behavior through 4 categories; telling, selling, participating, and delegating

what are the types of power that someone might possess as a leader

legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, referent

what is legitimate power

power that comes from a manager’s formal position in an org and the authority granted by that person

what is initiating structures and its associated characteristics

extent to which the leader is task-oriented and directs subordinate work activities toward goal attainment; clarifying, planning, monitoring, operations, problem solving

most effective leaders do what

possess varied traits and combine them with their strengths

what are the leadership traits vs. management traits

leaders are visionary, define the powers, empowers others, and innovates while managers are rational, maintain stability, organize, and analyze

what are attributions

judgements about the cause of a person’s behavior

what are perceptions

the cognitive process people use to make sense of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from the environment

who is Carl Jung and why is he significant

psychologist who believed differences resulted from and indivudal’’s preference in how they go about gathering and evaluating information; defined the four problem solving styles (thinking, feeling, intuitive, and sensation), laid foundation for the Myers Briggs Test

what is extroversion

degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal relationships

what is the halo effect

overall impression of a person based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable

what do we call groups that focus on raising opportunities for a group within a workplace

employee resource groups

what are sponsors

a higher ranking organization member who is committed to providing upward mobility and support to a protege’s professional career

what is reward power

results from the authority to bestow rewards

what is coercive power

stems from the authority to punish or recommend punishment

what is expert power

power that results from a leader’s special knowledge or skill in the tasks performed by subordinates

what is referent power

results from characteristics that demand subordinates identification with, respect and admiration for, and desire to emulate the leader

Laylah wanted to set up her team so that it would be highly innovative. What type of team is most likely to produce innovative ideas?

a team with different backgrounds and skill sets

an ethnocentric perspective leads to

a monoculture

what is a rigid, exaggerated, irrational belief associated with a particular group of people called

stereotype

if Ben is tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure, he would tend to be rated as low on what factor

emotional stability

which type of people, according to Jung, would rather work with known facts and hard data and prefer routine and order in gathering information

sensation

an individual’s strong belief that they can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome is reffered to as

self-efficiency

Faisal regretfully missed an important deadline at work. His boss thinks to himself, “Faisal missed that deadline because he is lazy, I really need to crack down on him more”. This is an example of what kind of attribution

internal

the early research on leadership traits was referred to as the

great man approach

researchers at the Ohio state University identified two major behaviors called

consideration and initiating strucutre

according to Fiedler, relationship-orientated leaders are more effective in situations of

moderate favorability

the key assumption of Hershey and Blanchard’s situational model of leadership is that subordinates vary in their

readiness level

the less effective leaders in the university of michigan studies were called

job-centered leaders

Susannah enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about shaping the minds of tomorrow’s leaders. Sussannah is motivated by

intrinsic rewards

which need describes the desire to be accepted by one’s peers, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved

belongingness needs

Tanek is a manager at Chuck’s Construction. He sees little opportunity for advancement at the company, reguardless of how well he performs. Which of the expectancies is low for Tanek

P to O expectancy

accoridng to Herzberg’s two-factor theory, which of the following is an example of a hygine factor

pay

in goal setting theory, which term refers to the need to get information to people about how well they are doing in progressing toward goal achievement

feedback

The general assurance in one’s own ideas, judgment, and capabilities is referred to as

self confidence

According to the situational theory of Hersey and Blanchard, which of the following leader styles matches up best with low readiness subordinates?

telling

Two leadership styles used by Fiedler in his contingency theory were

relationship orientated and task orientated

Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable?

goal difficulty