SAP DEPARTMENTAL

Keratinocytes

• 90%

• Function: Integrity of the membrane

Melanocytes

• 8%

• Function: UV protetction

Intraepidermal Macrophages (Langerhans cells)

Immune response

Tactile epithelium (Merkel’s Disc)

Detects light touch sensations

Stratum Corneum

25-30 layers thick

Stratum Lucidum

• Present only in thick skin

• 4-6 layers of clear keratinocytes

Stratum Granulosum

• 3-5 Layers thick

• Flattened

Stratum Spinosum

8-10 layers thick

Stratum Basale

Germinativum = High mitotic capacity

Autograft

Skin is from person who has injury

Isograft

Skin is from identical twin

Shaft

• Superficial portion

• Projects above the skin

Roof

Deep in the dermis or subcutaneous

Cuticle

Heavenly keratinized

Cortex

Forms main part of the shaft

Medulla

• Innermost layer

• Pigments for hair color

Nail body

Visible portion of the nail

Free edge

End of nail; no longer attached to skin

Nail root

Buried in fold of skin

Hyponychium

Junction bt free edge and skin of the fingertip

Eponychium

• AKA cuticle

• Narrow band of epidermis

Sebaceous (Oil)

Secrete oil towards hair follicles

Sudoriferous (Sweat)

• Eccrine glands

• Apocrine glands

Eccrine

• secrete sweat containing water

• NaCl, Urea

Apocrine

• Secrete sweat w/ additional proteins and lipids

• Mainly found in axilla, groin, areola

Arrector pili in COLD

Contracts which raises hair on the skin

Cutaneous Vasoconstriction in COLD

warm blood is retained in the organs

Cutaneous Vasodilation in HOT

warm blood flows thru the skin and dissipate in the environment (convection)

Blood reservoir

Skin can alter blood circulation

Contact inhibition

• Cellular response

• Stops the cells from migrating

Inflammatory Phase

• Blood clot in wound

• Unites wound edges

• Vasodilation

Migratory Phase

• Clot turns into scab

• Epithelial cells migrate to bridge the wound

• Granulation tissue: Tissue filling in the wound

• Fibroblasts migrate

• Regrow damaged blood vessels

Proliferative Phase

• Extensive growth of epithelial beneath the scab

• deposition of fibroblasts of collagen fibers in random patterns

• Continued vessel growth

Maturation Phase

• Scab sloughs off

• Collagen fibers are organize

• Fibroblasts decrease

• Blood vessels are restored

Fibrosis

process of scar tissue formation

Hypertrophic scar

Remains within the boundaries of wound

Keloid Scar

Extends beyond the boundaries of wound

Pheomelanin

yellow to red

Eumelanin

brown to black

Hemoglobin

red

Carotene

yellow to orange

Albinism

Cannot produce melanin pigments

Melanism

Excessive production of melanin pigments

Vitiligo

Melanocytes degenerate as they grow

External respiration

Exchange of gasses between the pulmonary alveoli of the lungs and the blood

Internal respiration

Exchange of gasses between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells.

Manubrium

T3-T4

Body of sternum

T4-T8

Xiphoid process

T9

Costal Groove

houses vessels and nerve

Diaphragm Nerve supply

L & R phrenic nerve

Abdominal straining

Increase Intra-abdominal Pressure

Muscle of inspiration

Flattens for inspiration

Weight Lifting Muscle

Valsalva Maneuver, prevents flexion of the trunk

Thoracoabdominal Pump

Abdominal increase pressure than the lungs

Caval (T8)

IVC, R Phrenic Nerve

Esophageal (T10)

Esophagus, R & L Vagus Nerve

Aortic (T12)

Aorta Thoracic Duct, Azygos Vein

External Intercostal

Superficial layer directed downward and forward

Internal Intercostal

• Intermediate layer, directed downward and backward

• Depresses the ribs during expiration (no muscles involved when relaxed expiration = passive recoil of the lungs)

Innermost Intercostal

• Deepest layer

• Assists either Inspiration / Expiration

Intercostal Vessels

Passes under the intercostal groove

Suprapleural Membrane

• Dense fascial layer that closes of the thoracic outlet

• Protects underlying cervical structures and resists changes in the intrathoracic pressure

Endothoracic Fascia

Separates the parietal pleura from the anterior chest wall

Ribs 2-7

Pump Handle motion; Increases AP Diameter

Ribs 8-10

Bucket handle; Increases Diameter

Ribs 11-12

Caliper motion

URT

• Nose

• Nasal Cavity

• Pharynx

LRT

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Lungs

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Terminal Bronchiole

Conducting Zone

• Nose

• Nasal Cavity

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Terminal Bronchioles

Respiratory Zone

• Respiratory Bronchioles

• Alveolar Ducts

• Alveolar Sacs

• Alveoli

Internal Nose (Nasal Cavity)

Large space in the anterior aspect of the skull ; inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity

Nasal Septum

A vertical partition divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides

Conchae and Meatuses

• Increase surface area

• Prevents dehydration by trapping water droplets during expiration

Functions of the Pharynx

• Passageway for air and food 

• provides a resonating chamber for speech and sound

• Houses tonsils

• Thyroid C3

• Cricoid C4

Oropharynx

Common passageway for air, food, and drink

Singular

• Epiglottis

• Thyroid

• Cricoid

Paired

Corniculate, Arytenoid (Voice Production), Cuneiform

Trachea

• Tubular passageway for air

• 5 inches Long and 1 inch in Diameter

• Larynx → superior border T5 Vertebra

• Carina T4-T5 (zone of bifurcation of bronchi)

• 16-20 C-Shaped Rings (Hyaline Cartilages)

Terminal Bronchioles 

• End of conducting zone

• Produce surfactant 

• Function as Stem Cells, which give rise to various cells of Epithelium

Generations

• Carina: 1st Generation

• Total of 23 Generations

Trachea → Segmental Bronchi

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Large Bronchiole

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with some Goblet Cells

Smaller bronchiole

Ciliated Simple Cuboidal Epithelium with no Goblet Cells

Terminal Bronchiole

Nonciliated Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Lungs

• Paired Cone-Shaped Organs in the Thoracic Cavity

• Enclosed and protected by a Double-Layered Serous Membrane called the Pleural Membrane

Parietal Pleura

Lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

Visceral Pleura

Cover the lungs

Pleural Space

Contains pleural fluid : increase surface tension 

Lobule

• Small compartments in a Bronchopulmonary Segments

• Contains Terminal Bronchiole

Respiratory Bronchiole

• Start of respiratory zone

• Contains budding of Alveoli in its Walls

• Lining starts to become Simple Squamous Epithelium

• Subdivides to become Alveolar Ducts

Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac

Cluster of Alveoli

Alveolus

Consists of 2 types of Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Type 1 Pneumocyte

• Simple Squamous Epithelium

• Forms continuous lining of Alveolar wall

• MAIN SITES OF GAS EXCHANGE

Type 2 Pneumocyte

• Rounded Cuboidal Epithelial Cells with Free Surfaces containing Microvilli

• Secretes Alveolar Fluid

  • Contains Surfactant

Respiratory Membrane

Area where O2 and CO2 Gas Exchange by Diffusion occurs

Inspiration in Quiet breathing

Contraction of Diaphragm & External intercostals

Inspiration in Heavy breathing

Additional contraction of SVC, SA, Scalenes

Expiration in Quiet breathing

Relaxation of Diaphragm & El, Elastic recoil of lungs, chest wall & compression of abdominal structures

Expiration in Heavy breathing

Additional contraction of Rectus abdominis & Internal intercostals