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Keratinocytes
90%
Function: Integrity of the membrane
Melanocytes
8%
Function: UV protetction
Intraepidermal Macrophages (Langerhans cells)
Immune response
Tactile epithelium (Merkel’s Disc)
Detects light touch sensations
Stratum Corneum
25-30 layers thick
Stratum Lucidum
Present only in thick skin
4-6 layers of clear keratinocytes
Stratum Granulosum
3-5 Layers thick
Flattened
Stratum Spinosum
8-10 layers thick
Stratum Basale
Germinativum = High mitotic capacity
Autograft
Skin is from person who has injury
Isograft
Skin is from identical twin
Shaft
Superficial portion
Projects above the skin
Roof
Deep in the dermis or subcutaneous
Cuticle
Heavenly keratinized
Cortex
Forms main part of the shaft
Medulla
Innermost layer
Pigments for hair color
Nail body
Visible portion of the nail
Free edge
End of nail; no longer attached to skin
Nail root
Buried in fold of skin
Hyponychium
Junction bt free edge and skin of the fingertip
Eponychium
AKA cuticle
Narrow band of epidermis
Sebaceous (Oil)
Secrete oil towards hair follicles
Sudoriferous (Sweat)
Eccrine glands
Apocrine glands
Eccrine
secrete sweat containing water
NaCl, Urea
Apocrine
Secrete sweat w/ additional proteins and lipids
Mainly found in axilla, groin, areola
Arrector pili in COLD
Contracts which raises hair on the skin
Cutaneous Vasoconstriction in COLD
warm blood is retained in the organs
Cutaneous Vasodilation in HOT
warm blood flows thru the skin and dissipate in the environment (convection)
Blood reservoir
Skin can alter blood circulation
Contact inhibition
Cellular response
Stops the cells from migrating
Inflammatory Phase
Blood clot in wound
Unites wound edges
Vasodilation
Migratory Phase
Clot turns into scab
Epithelial cells migrate to bridge the wound
Granulation tissue: Tissue filling in the wound
Fibroblasts migrate
Regrow damaged blood vessels
Proliferative Phase
Extensive growth of epithelial beneath the scab
deposition of fibroblasts of collagen fibers in random patterns
Continued vessel growth
Maturation Phase
Scab sloughs off
Collagen fibers are organize
Fibroblasts decrease
Blood vessels are restored
Fibrosis
process of scar tissue formation
Hypertrophic scar
Remains within the boundaries of wound
Keloid Scar
Extends beyond the boundaries of wound
Pheomelanin
yellow to red
Eumelanin
brown to black
Hemoglobin
red
Carotene
yellow to orange
Albinism
Cannot produce melanin pigments
Melanism
Excessive production of melanin pigments
Vitiligo
Melanocytes degenerate as they grow
External respiration
Exchange of gasses between the pulmonary alveoli of the lungs and the blood
Internal respiration
Exchange of gasses between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells.
Manubrium
T3-T4
Body of sternum
T4-T8
Xiphoid process
T9
Costal Groove
houses vessels and nerve
Diaphragm Nerve supply
L & R phrenic nerve
Abdominal straining
Increase Intra-abdominal Pressure
Muscle of inspiration
Flattens for inspiration
Weight Lifting Muscle
Valsalva Maneuver, prevents flexion of the trunk
Thoracoabdominal Pump
Abdominal increase pressure than the lungs
Caval (T8)
IVC, R Phrenic Nerve
Esophageal (T10)
Esophagus, R & L Vagus Nerve
Aortic (T12)
Aorta Thoracic Duct, Azygos Vein
External Intercostal
Superficial layer directed downward and forward
Internal Intercostal
Intermediate layer, directed downward and backward
Depresses the ribs during expiration (no muscles involved when relaxed expiration = passive recoil of the lungs)
Innermost Intercostal
Deepest layer
Assists either Inspiration / Expiration
Intercostal Vessels
Passes under the intercostal groove
Suprapleural Membrane
Dense fascial layer that closes of the thoracic outlet
Protects underlying cervical structures and resists changes in the intrathoracic pressure
Endothoracic Fascia
Separates the parietal pleura from the anterior chest wall
Ribs 2-7
Pump Handle motion; Increases AP Diameter
Ribs 8-10
Bucket handle; Increases Diameter
Ribs 11-12
Caliper motion
URT
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
LRT
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchiole
Conducting Zone
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Respiratory Zone
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs
Alveoli
Internal Nose (Nasal Cavity)
Large space in the anterior aspect of the skull ; inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity
Nasal Septum
A vertical partition divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides
Conchae and Meatuses
Increase surface area
Prevents dehydration by trapping water droplets during expiration
Functions of the Pharynx
Passageway for air and food
provides a resonating chamber for speech and sound
Houses tonsils
Thyroid C3
Cricoid C4
Oropharynx
Common passageway for air, food, and drink
Singular
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid
Paired
Corniculate, Arytenoid (Voice Production), Cuneiform
Trachea
Tubular passageway for air
5 inches Long and 1 inch in Diameter
Larynx → superior border T5 Vertebra
Carina T4-T5 (zone of bifurcation of bronchi)
16-20 C-Shaped Rings (Hyaline Cartilages)
Terminal Bronchioles
End of conducting zone
Produce surfactant
Function as Stem Cells, which give rise to various cells of Epithelium
Generations
Carina: 1st Generation
Total of 23 Generations
Trachea → Segmental Bronchi
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Large Bronchiole
Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with some Goblet Cells
Smaller bronchiole
Ciliated Simple Cuboidal Epithelium with no Goblet Cells
Terminal Bronchiole
Nonciliated Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Lungs
Paired Cone-Shaped Organs in the Thoracic Cavity
Enclosed and protected by a Double-Layered Serous Membrane called the Pleural Membrane
Parietal Pleura
Lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
Visceral Pleura
Cover the lungs
Pleural Space
Contains pleural fluid : increase surface tension
Lobule
Small compartments in a Bronchopulmonary Segments
Contains Terminal Bronchiole
Respiratory Bronchiole
Start of respiratory zone
Contains budding of Alveoli in its Walls
Lining starts to become Simple Squamous Epithelium
Subdivides to become Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac
Cluster of Alveoli
Alveolus
Consists of 2 types of Alveolar Epithelial Cells
Type 1 Pneumocyte
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Forms continuous lining of Alveolar wall
MAIN SITES OF GAS EXCHANGE
Type 2 Pneumocyte
Rounded Cuboidal Epithelial Cells with Free Surfaces containing Microvilli
Secretes Alveolar Fluid
Contains Surfactant
Respiratory Membrane
Area where O2 and CO2 Gas Exchange by Diffusion occurs
Inspiration in Quiet breathing
Contraction of Diaphragm & External intercostals
Inspiration in Heavy breathing
Additional contraction of SVC, SA, Scalenes
Expiration in Quiet breathing
Relaxation of Diaphragm & El, Elastic recoil of lungs, chest wall & compression of abdominal structures
Expiration in Heavy breathing
Additional contraction of Rectus abdominis & Internal intercostals