AP Psychology Final

Sigmund Freud and B.F Skinner

behaviorism and psychoanalysis

Nature v Nurture Dilemma

Examines how genetics and environment interact during development, learning, behavior, and how much influence either has on the abnormal psyche.

Psychiatrist

MD degree: branch of medicine that deals with emotional disturbances. They are medical doctors that can prescribe drugs like tranquilizers and anti-depressants.

Clinical Psychologist

Doctoral degree (Phd/PsyD): Have an advanced degree in psychology, with a specialty in understanding and helping people with psychological problems.

Operational Definition

A definition that specifies the operations (or procedures) used to produce or measure something, ordinarily a way to give numerical value.

ex. investigate friendliness and measuring it as number of people someone smiles at during an hour

Positive and Negative Correlation

Positive- both increase

Negative- one increases, one decreases

Correlation Coefficient

A mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables.

0.90 closer to positive.

0.25 closer to negative

Classical Conditioning

Process by which an organism learns a new association between two stimuli- a neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

An event that automatically elicits an unconditioned response

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Response to it depends on the preceding conditions

Conditioned Response (CR)

Whatever response the conditioned stimulus elicits as a result of the conditioning procedure

Operant Conditioning

The process of changing behavior by providing a reinforcement after a response

Drugs on the Brain

Some attach to receptors and activate them. Some attach imperfectly. Drugs increase or decrease the release of transmitters or decrease reuptake.

Stimulants

drugs that increase energy, alertness, and activity.

(ex. Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Cocaine)

Hallucinogens

drugs that decrease arousal

(ex. alcohol and anxiolytics)

Narcotics

drugs that produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreases responsiveness

Opiates

Either natural drugs derived from the opium poppy, or synthetic drugs with a chemical structure resembling natural opiates

(ex. morphine, heroin, and methadone)

Marijuana

Not a stimulant, calming effect, softens pain but not as powerful as opiates

Rods

Adapted for night vision in dim light

Cones

Adapted for color vision, daytime vision, and detailed vision

Volley Principle

"volleys" of them (groups) respond to each vibration with an action potential

Place Principle

the highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells near the stirrup end, and lower frequency sounds (down to about 100-200 Hz) vibrate hair cells at points farther along the membrane.

Object Permanence

The idea that objects continue to exist even when we do not see or hear them

Conservation

They fail to understand that objects conserve such properties as number, length, volume, area, and mass after changes in the shape or arrangement of the objects

Cross-Sectional Study

Compares groups of individuals of different ages at the same time

Longitudinal Study

follows a single group of individuals as they develop

Semantic Memory

Memory of principles and facts

Episodic Memory

memory for specific events in your life

Stimulus Generalization

The extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli

Social Learning

We learn about many behaviors by observing the behavior of others

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Memorized nonsense syllables in early study on human memory

Free-Recall

Produce a response like on an essay or short answers

Cued Recall

Receive significant hints about the material

Recognition

Choosing the correct item among several options

Saving/Relearning

Comparing the speed of original learning to the speed of relearning.

Recovered Memories

Reports of long-lost memories, prompted by clinical techniques

False Memories

An inaccurate report that someone believes to be a memory

Expert

- Practicing with feedback and criticism

- Practice for 10+ years

- Pattern Recognitions

Phoneme

Unit of sound

Morpheme

Unit of meaning

Openness to New Experiences

tendency to enjoy new intellectual experiences and new ideas

Conscientiousness

tendency to show self-discipline, to be dutiful, and to strive for achievement and competence.

Extraversion

tendency to seek stimulation and to enjoy the company of other people

Agreeableness

tendency to be compassionate toward others

Neuroticism

tendency to experience unpleasant emotions frequently.

Psychoanalysis

tries to bring unconscious thoughts and emotions to consciousness.

Dream analysis- seeking to understand symbolism in reported dreams.

Transference- clients transfer onto the therapist the behaviors and feelings they originally established toward their father, mother, or other important figure

Oral (birth - 1 1/2)

infant derives intense psycho sexual pleasure from stimulation of the mouth, particularly while sucking at the mother's breast.

- sucking, swallowing, biting

Anal (1 1/2 - 3 years)

they get psycho sexual pleasure from the sensation of bowel movements.

- expelling feces, retaining feces

Phallic (3 to 5 - 6 years)

play with genitals

- touching penis or clitoris; Oedipus complex

Latent (5 or 6 - puberty)

suppress psycho sexual interest

- sexual interests suppressed

Genital (puberty onward)

a strong sexual interest in other people

Sensorimotor (birth- almost 2)

behavior is mostly simple motor responses to sensory stimuli

- object permanence

- sense of self

Preoperational (2-7)

the child lacks operations (reversible mental processes)

- egocentric

- theory of mind

- conservation

Concrete Operational (7-11)

children perform mental operations on concrete objects but still have trouble with abstract or hypothetical ideas

Formal Operational (11 - onward)

logical, deductive reasoning and systemic planning

Humanistic Psychology

Deals with consciousness, values, and abstract beliefs, including spiritual experiences and the beliefs that people live and die for.

Unconditional Positive Regard

The complete, unqualified acceptance of another person as he or she is.

MMPI

objective; one of the most widely used objective personality tests; true/false questions measure personality dimensions and can detect clinical conditions like depression and psychosis

NEO-PI-R

objective; based on the Big 5 trait theory

(Neuroticism- Extraversion- Openness- Personality- Inventory-Revised)

- Has 240 items intended to measure the 5 traits with a 5 point scale

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

objective; standardized personality test loosely based on Carl Jung's theories

Rorschach Test

projective; test-taker is asked to interpret a series of 10 ambiguous ink blots

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

projective; series of pictures shown to test subject, they are prompted to create a story for each picture.

Emotional Stroop Test

projective; a person looks at a list of words and says the color of the ink in which each is printed. Some words represent possible sources of concern or anxiety

- task presumes it will be harder to color the words related to areas of concern.

Infant (0-1)

(hope) basic trust vs. mistrust

positive: safe and secure

negative: emotionally unavailable and mistrust in the world.

Toddler (1-3)

(will) autonomy vs shame and doubt

positive: sense of autonomy

negative: self-doubt and shame

Preschool (3-6)

(purpose) initiative vs guilt

positive: explore world within reason

negative: too many rules = push away; too little rules = bad choices

Preadolescent (6-12)

(competence) industry vs inferiority

positive: feeling of competence and belief in their skills

negative: doubt their abilities

Adolescent (12-19)

(fidelity) identity vs role confusion

positive: strong sense of self and feelings of independence and control.

negative: remain unsure of their beliefs/desires and will feel insecure/confused in the future.

Young Adult (19-40)

(love) intimacy vs isolation

positive: strong relationships

negative: loneliness and isolation

Middle Adult (40-65)

(care) generativity vs stagnation

positive: usefulness and accomplishment

negative: shallow involvement in the world

Older Adult (65+)

(wisdom) ego integrity (wisdom/acceptance of death) vs despair

positive: feelings of wisdom

negative: regret, bitterness, and despair.

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; clinicians and psychiatrists use the DSM to diagnose psychiatric illness

GAD

An almost constant, exaggerated worry for which there is little to no basis

Fears and Phobias

fearing objects: evolutionary prepared, safe experience ratio, and cannot predict/control

Phobias: strong and persistent fear of a specific object and/or situation that interferes with normal living

SAD

Seasonal Affective Disorder; A depression associated with a particular season of the year. It is common in areas having little sunlight in that season

OCD

Obsessive- repetitive, unwelcome stream of thought

Compulsion- repetitive, almost irresistible action

Major Depression

An extreme condition usually persisting for months.

Bipolar

The mild or extreme cycling of mood between periods of depression and mania

Schizophrenia

A serious mental condition involving a breakdown in the relation between intellect, emotion, and behavior: leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, and withdrawal from relative into fantasy and delusion.

Autism

A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person's state of mind.

Standard Deviation IQ

mean = 100; 68% of scores are within 1 SD above or below mean, 95% of scores are within 2 SD above or below mean, 99.7% of scores are within 3 SD above or below mean

Language Influence by left and right hemispheres

Wernickes Area- in temporal lobe and allows you to hear and process language or a question (left hemisphere)

Broca's Area- In the frontal lobe and allows you to remember and articulate a response (left hemisphere)

Corpus Callosum- two hemispheres exchange information; a set of axons that connect the left and right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

Behaviorists

John B. Watson- Founded school of behaviorism (little albert)

Ivan Pavlov- Classical Conditioning (dog bell experiment)

B.F. Skinner- Operant conditoning, Skinner box, radical behaviorism

B.F. Skinner Language Acquisition

Reinforcement can explain language development. Caretakers selectively reinforce adult-like speech.

Noam Chomsky and Language

Language development is something you were born with. Every child is born with a biological predisposition to learn any language

Sigmund Freud vs Jean Piaget Childhood Development

Freud's theory emphasized psycho sexual stages and the role of unconscious desires and conflicts

Piaget focused on cognitive development and how children actively construct their understanding of the world through stages of intellectual growth.