PSY251 Second Exam Review (Quizizz)

What is a type of test that records the electrical activity of the brain?

EEG

What stage of the sleep-wake cycle is characterized by high brain activity, rapid eye movements, vivid dreaming, and increased physiological responses?

REM

What is the name of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

GABA

This neuropeptide/neurohormone can act as a neurotransmitter and acts in the hypothalamus (in the VPLO) to regulate the sleep-wake cycle...

Galanin

The buildup of this neurotransmitter is crucial for inducing sleep. When you block this neurotransmitter's receptor, you stay awake!

Adenosine

What is another name for the natural 24 hour sleep-wake cycle?

Circadian Rhythm

A commonly used drug that causes wakefulness by binding adenosine receptors...

Caffeine

When does sleep paralysis occur?

During the transition from sleep and wakefulness

A condition categorized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early despite adequate opportunities and desire to sleep...

Insomnia

A chronic condition categorized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, disrupted nighttime sleep, and hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations...

Narcolepsy

A part of the brain, located in the brainstem, that regulates REM sleep, controls the sleep-wake cycle, and produces and integrates sleep signals...

Pons

A part of the brain, located in the brainstem, that is particularly crucial for the control of heart rate and breathing during REM sleep...

Medulla oblongata

Composed of key parts of the brain, such as the medulla, pons, and reticular formation, all of which work together to control the sleep-wake cycle...

Brainstem

A region of the brain that hosts a variety of nuclei that are important in the sleep-wake cycle, such as the VLPO and SCN.

Hypothalamus

The outer layer of the brain that is crucial for regulating sleep and the restorative aspects of sleep...

Cerebral cortex

A small, pinecone-shaped endocrine structure located in the center of the brain that secretes melatonin...

Pineal gland

One of the nuclei located in the hypothalamus that is responsible for suppressing wake-promoting centers of the brain through inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA and Galanin...

VLPO

A nuclei of the hypothalamus that regulates melatonin release and circadian rhythm by utilizing light signals from the retina...

SCN

Also known as lipoid proteinosis, this rare genetic condition is characterized by abnormal build-up of protein in various body tissues and leads to NOT feeling fear...

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

A condition caused by damage to the amygdala and hippocampus that can lead to placidity, hyperphagia, and hypersexuality...

Kulver-Bucy Syndrome

A neurotransmitter that can enhance or reduce fear depending on context...

Oxytocin

A part of the brain that is involved in fear memory, evaluation of threats, and regulating fear responses...

Cingulate cortex

The relay-station/processing center of the brain that sends sensory information to the amygdala, regulates the fear response, and forms fear memories...

Thalamus

A part of the brain involved in state-dependent fear (a process where fear memories are only recalled when in the same emotional state as when the memory was formed)...

Mammillary body 

A part of the brain crucial in fear and anxiety that mediates long-lasting responses to threats rather than short-term responses...

Stria terminalis

A part of the brain critical for fear memory, especially regarding context of a fearful event...

Hippocampus

An almond shaped structure of the brain that has a crucial role in fear processing and experience...

Amygdala

Which cortex of the brain is responsible for processing fear, acting as a control center for sensory and emotional fear signals in the fear response...

Frontal

The structure of the brain responsible for quick relay of information between the two hemispheres of the brain...

Corpus callosum

A system that plays a crucial role in fear by forming strong associations between odors and aversive (unpleasant) experiences...

Olfactory complex

A part of the brain that is crucial for activating the fight-or-flight response (via the HPA axis) by turning fear detection into physical actions...

Hypothalamus

A series of brain regions that communicate and, via increased or decreased activity, are responsible for emotional regulation...

Limbic system

An invasive treatment option for those experiencing intense and persisting depression/sadness...

Deep brain stimulation

The first MAOI class antidepressant to be used clinically...

Iproniazid

A condition classified by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities previously enjoyed...

Major Depressive Disorder

The idea that depression is the result of abnormalities in brain chemicals, particularly low levels of this neurotransmitter...

Serotonin Hypothesis

Many drugs involved in depression block this mechanism in order to keep more neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft...

Reuptake

A class of drugs most commonly used to treat depression, an example would be Prozac...

SSRIs

A hormone heavily involved in the stress-response that is seen to have heightened levels in those with depression...

Cortisol

A region of the brain that plays a significant role in mood regulation, including sadness...

Cingulate cortex

A subsection of the cingulate cortex that is primarily responsible for sadness and can increase the experience of pain when activated...

Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A neuropsychiatric disorder associated with the compulsive overuse of drugs that are involved in treatment of conditions like Parkinson's disease...

Dopamine Dysregulation Syndrome

Small, localized regions in the brain where pleasure mechanisms are concentrated to enhance feelings of "liking" and "wanting"...

Hedonic Hotspots

The difference between an anticipated reward and the actual reward received...

Reward Prediction Errors

A neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the reward system, reinforcing and motivating behaviors related to pleasurable activities like eating, sex, or goal achievement...

Dopamine

A chronic brain disease characterized by neurobiological changes in reward, stress, and executive control systems...

Addiction (SUD)

The inability or reduced ability to experience pleasure or joy in activities that were previously enjoyable; characterized by loss of interest and diminished emotional response...

Anhedonia

A neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs, often accompanied by unpleasant sensations...

Restless Leg Syndrome

A network of structures that are responsible for reward and motivation, including key areas such as the nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and ventral pallidum...

Pleasure Systems/Centers

A series of brain structures involved in the reinforcement of desired behaviors with positive outcomes; can be done through internal Dopamine Pathway activation or external incentives such as prizes...

Reward System

A brain region in the forebrain that is a part of the limbic system and is key in reward, motivation, and addiction circuitry...

Nucleus Accumbens

A part of the brain that activates circuits in response to rewarding stimuli and is involved in reward-learning, memory encoding, and perception of pleasant events...

Amygdala

A small region of the brain located in the midbrain that drives pleasure seeking behaviors, reinforces learning and recall of rewarding experiences, and mediates effects of addictive substances...

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

Brain region that serves as a crucial relay center for sensory and motor information, contains regions like the VTA that are central to the brain reward system...

Midbrain

A region of the brain that interprets and processes rewarding stimuli, rather than generating the sensation of pleasure...

Prefrontal cortex

Region of a neuron that plays a crucial role in receiving and integrating signals that generate the sensation of pleasure...

Dendrites

These type of neurons detect stimuli and transmit information to the spinal cord and brain...

Sensory neurons

A condition characterized by numbness and tingling of extremities, loss of pain sensation, inability to sense temperature change, and more...

Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy (HSAN)

Specialized sensory neuron that detects and transmits pain signals to the brain...

Nociceptors

A group of ascending tracts in the spinal cord that transmits pain, temperature, and crude touch signals from the body into the brain...

Anterolateral pain pathway

A sensory tract that includes first order, second order, and third order neurons to convey pain, temperature, and touch signals...

Spinothalamic tract

The organization of pain signals from specific body parts by the somatosensory cortex...

Somatotopy

A phenomenon where a person experiences increased sensations of pain when anticipating a worse experiences or anxiety...

Nocebo effect

A piece of technology that stimulates muscle contraction through electrical impulses...

TENS unit

A phenomenon where a person experiences a positive health outcome after receiving a phony treatment...

Placebo effect

A type of drug that is highly addictive and serves as a pain reliever...

Opioids

A natural opioid peptide that is produced by the body which reduces pain and induces feelings of pleasure and well-being...

Endorphins

A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in local immune responses by increasing blood vessel permeability and dilation or constriction...

Histamine

Nerve fibers that transmit sharp, localized pain and temperature sensations...

A-delta fibers

A type of unmyelinated sensory nerve fiber that plays a crucial role in transmitting pain signals to the CNS slowly...

C-fibers

A type of pain that originates from the internal organs...

Visceral pain

A chronic pain condition that results from damage or dysfunction in nerves that has persistent burning, tingling, or shooting sensations...

Neuropathic pain

A phenomenon where pain is felt in an area different from where the underlying cause is located...

Referred pain

A long, cylindrical tube of nervous tissue that run from the base of the brain down the back and is protected by vertebrae...

Spinal cord

A central relay region that processes and transmits pain signals to the brain's cortices...

Thalamus

Part of the brain that processes pain and integrates sensory, emotional, and cognitive components of pain...

Cerebral cortex

A region of the brain that takes in the sensory information related to pain like sensory and location...

Somatosensory cortex

A region of the brain that is critical in the emotional and cognitive aspects of pain, like aversiveness and motivation to avoid pain...

Cingulate cortex

A critical brain region for pain processing that is involved in the integration, motivational aspects, awareness, and learning related to pain...

Insular cortex

A midbrain region that is involved in the perception and modulation of pain...

Periaqueductual Grey (PAG)

A nuclei located in the thalamus that is involved in both the ascending and descending pain pathways...

Raphe Nucleus

A brain region that can both amplify or suppress pain signals...

Medulla oblongata

The initial site where the CNS integrates sensory information, such as pain signals, from the body...

Dorsal Horn of the spine