ANTH 005 FINAL EXAM UCR

METALLURGY

the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production and purification.

WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL TECHNIQUES OF METALLURGY?

HAMMERING, ANNEALING, ALLOYING, SMELTING, CASTING, FORGING

WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH HAMMERING?

CAUSES METAL TO BECOME ****ING BRITTLE AS FUH

WHAT IS THE PROCESS OF SMELTING

uses heat and a reducing agent, like coal, to remove these other elements from the metal.

WHAT MAKES BRONZE?

COPPER + TIN

ADVANTAGE OF ALLOYING?

WORKABILITY, HARDER AND LESS BRITTLE THAN COPPER, ENABLE TO CAST.

WAS TIN HIGHLY RESTRICTED?

YES

Uluburun shipwreck

1305 BC SUNK OFF OF COAST OF ANATOLLA

WHAT IS CASTING?

• A liquid material is poured into a mold of a desired

shape

• Lost-wax technique =one-off method

WHAT ARE LOESS?

a loosely compacted yellowish-gray deposit of windblown sediment of which extensive deposits occur

WHY IS METAL SO IMPORTANT?

• Bronze metallurgy = a critical innovation.

• Metalwork = Full-time specialists = social

distinction

• Long-distance trade for copper and tin

• Provoked other innovations - horse-riding,

wheeled vehicles, the plough - from the East

into Europe.

IRON VS BRONZE

1. Usually forged not cast

2. The technology is harder to acquire

3. Iron ore found more widely.

4. Much harder and durable

WHAT IS FORGING?

the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces

IMPLICATION OF IRON?

1. Full time specialists

2. No longer elite items

3. But Cast iron (except China) and intentionally

alloyed steel (Fe + C) were not common.

MORE PRESERVED IN ORDER

TEXTILE, WOOD, BONE, SHELL

WHAT IS TAPHONOMY?

the branch of paleontology that deals with the processes of fossilization.

TEXTILE/BASKETRY WEAVE

LEADS TO IDENTITY

WHERE WAS WOOD PRESERVED?

WATERLOGGED, FROZEN, AND DRY SITES.

THINGS THAT BONE WAS USED FOR?

NEEDLES, PROJECTILE POINTS, AND HARPOONS

WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY?

STUDY OF HUMAN BIOLOGY AND ITS INTERACTION WITH CULTURE

HUMAN BONES ARE

LESS THAN 20% WEIGHT OF HUMAN BODY

TWO BASIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BONES?

SEX, AND AGE.

PALEOGRAPHY

the study of ancient writing systems and the deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts.

PALEODIET

a diet based on the types of foods presumed to have been eaten by early humans, consisting chiefly of meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit, and excluding dairy or grain products and processed food.

RELATIVE DATING

establishes

the relative (age) relationship

between things.

ABSOLUTE DATING

assigns an

age in year, expressing as a

range in years (a "±" symbol).

ASSOCIATION

Two or more artifacts that occur in the same matrix, Wari, Peru.

WHAT ARE THE THREE METHODS OF ABSOLUTE DATING?

1. Calendrical Dating

2. Dendrochronology and Verve (TREE RING DATING)

3. Radiometric Dating

WHAT IS Dendrochronology?

1. Each year trees gain a growth ring.

2. Uneven thickness of rings

a. Narrower with the incresing age of the tree

b. Annual climate change affects tree growth.

METHODS OF DENDROCHRONOLOGY?

1. Use drill to get a core

2. Count tree rings.

3. Produce a diagram indicating the thickness

of successive rings in an individual tree.

WHAT ARE ISOTOPES?

elements that posses the same

number of protons but vary in neutrons. For

example,

WHAT IS RADIOACTIVE DECAY?

Transformation of

unstable radioactive isotopes into stable isotopes.

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH RADIOCARBON DATING?

• Poor choice of samples

• Contamination

- Waterlogged sites

- humans

• Also, indirect dating, misinterpreting

results, etc. Context is key!

WHAT IS ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY?

is the ethnographic study of peoples for archaeological reasons, usually through the study of the material remains of a society

WHAT IS EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY?

is a field of study which attempts to generate and test archaeological hypotheses, usually by replicating or approximating the feasibility of ancient cultures performing various tasks or feats.

SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY

The study of the spatial distribution of

ancient human activities and occupations

in different scales.

EX: DOMESTIC GROUPS, NEIGHBORHOODS, SITES, REGIONS.