National Exam; Units 1-7: AP Human Geography 2024-25

CBD

central business district

synekism

conditions that come from living together in a particular home and place

site

absolute location

situation

relative location

urban morphology

the layout of the city (physical)

rank-size rule

the population of a city will be inversely proportional to the rank in the hierarchy

suburbanization

lands previously outside the city becomes urbanized

megacities

cities that have large populations, vast territory, and strained inadequate architecture

shantytowns

unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters

disamenity sector

the poorest parts of a city

zoning laws

laws that divide a city and designate development

redlining

the process of banks denying people who live in redlined neighborhoods loans

gentrification

the rehabilitation of low-income neighborhoods

new urbanism

development, revitalization, and suburban reforms to create neighborhoods

gated communities

fenced in neighborhoods with controlled access and privatized police

urban geopolitics

the impact of global-scale geopolitical development on the character of cities

urbicide

the deliberate killing of cities

informal economy

economy not taxed and not counted toward the gross national income

globalization

set of processes and outcomes that occur on the global scale

alpha cities

cities that have a global capacity to provide services in the world economy

No primate city?

United States and Germany

organic agriculture

the cultivation of crops without the use of industrial or synthetic materials

agriculture

the purpose cultivation of crops and livestock

primary economic activities

the growing of food, the taking materials from the earth, and the raising of livestock are primary economic activities

secondary economic activities

manufacturing

tertiary economic activities

connect producers and consumers

quaternary economic activities

relating to money or goods

quinary economic activities

higher education and research

1st AG Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

period when humans transitioned from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to settled agriculture.

started 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent (Middle East)

2nd AG Revolution

a series of AG innovations and techniques that started in western Europe. new crops emerged and European governments passed laws to encourage farming. more food = population boom and more industry

Heinrich von Thunen

a farmer who created the von Thunen model based on is discoveries during the 2nd AG Rev

1st ring of von Thunen model

market gardening and dairying

2nd ring of von Thunen model

forest

3rd ring of von Thunen model

increasingly extensive field crops, grains

4th ring of von Thunen model

ranching and livestock

Green revolution

offshoot of the 3rd AG Rev when hybrid seeds of staple crops were introduced. helped reverse famine in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

rectangular survey system

divides land into rectangular formation. USA adopted after American Revolution. most of US

township and range system

divides land using a rigid, grid-like method

metes-and-bounds system

uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land

long-lot survey system

divides land into long narrow plots for equal access to water

dispered settlement

individual houses are far apart. intensively farmed by machines or by hand

nucleated/cluster settlement

houses are group together in tiny clusters or villages

rundling/round settlement

European version of East African circle village

walled settlement

a settlement put walls and/or moats up for protection

grid settlement

a type of settlement where streets are arranged in a grid pattern

plantation farming

production system of colonialism.

grows cash crops

found in tropical regions and/or Middle/South America, Africa, and South Asia

commercial livestock/fruit/grain AG

wheat, livestock, fruit

global

subsistence farming

livestock, rice, wheat, etc

all over world, typically poorer countries

people can’t afford commercial farming

mediterranean AG

grapes, olives, citrus, figs, dates

california, Oregon, central Chile, South Africa - cape town, australia

special mediterranean climate

drug AG

poppy, coca, marijuana

its more profitable to grow drugs

Fair trade companies?

Starbucks, Dunkin, Target, Wal-Mart, Sam’s Club

agribusiness

businesses that provide goods and services to support the AG industry. connect local farms to global web of production

food deserts

areas where people have limited access to fresh and nutritious foods. only have access to cheap, processed foods. found in low income areas.

Bid Rent Theory

Theory that shows what various land users are prepared and able to pay for access to the center market.

The farther from the market, the lower the cost of land is

Intensive and extensive farming practices are in part by land costs.

Extension of the Von Thunen model

Early Agricultural Hearths

Southwest Asia (Fertile Crescent)

Indus River Valley (India)

Southeast Asia Central America (Mesoamerica)

state

politically organized independent borders

requirements to be considered a state

1. defined borders

2. permanent residents

3. has government

4. recognized by other states

5. join UN

sovereignty

a government’s right to control territory, military, and defense.

nation

a group of people in an area who think themselves as one based on common heritage and culture

example of nations

The Cherokee people

nation-state

an ethnically homogenous state with a sovereign government and clearly defined borders

examples of nation-states

Japan, Iceland

stateless nation

a nation that has no territory of its own but should

example of stateless nation

The Basque people of Northern Spain

multi-state nation

a nation of people that live in more than one state

examples of multistate nation

the Korean people

irrendentism

attempting to acquire territories in inhabited neighboring states. fueled by the belief that it was once lost and must be regained

example of irrendentism

Russian troops trying to annex part of Ukraine

multinational state

a state that includes more than one nation within its borders

examples of multinational state

Canada (French Canadian, Native Americans, English Canadians)

autonomous region

subdivision/dependant territory of a state that has a degree of self-government (autonomy) in decision making

example of autonomous regions

Native American Reservations

semi-autonomous regions

subdivision/dependant territory of a state that do not have a degree of self-government (autonomy) in decision making

examples of semi-autonomous regions

Greenland, Scotland (Great Britain), Hong Kong

colonialism (time period, powers, where, why)

15-18th centuries.

Portugal, France, Spain, Great Britain

Colonized the Americas

3 G’s, mercantilism, and settlement

new imperialism

19th century

Great Britain, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Germany

Focused on Africa and Asia

Nationalism and cheap labor

self-determination

belief that people have the right to choose their own political status.

Independence Movements/Decolonization

achieving independence from colonial power. inspired by Pres. Woodrow Wilson’s push for peace.

political power (geographically)

control over people, land, and resources

not always confined within a state’s border (international affairs)

examples of political power

neocolonialism, shatterbelts, chokepoints,

territoriality

process used by groups/organizations to claim power over an area, its people, and its resources

neocolonialism (new colonialism)

the use of economic, social, and political pressures to control/influence countries (especially former colonies)

examples of neocolonialism

Kenya needs railroad; China pays for it; Kenya in debt to China; China control railroad

chokepoints

an area on land or sea that has to be passed to reach another destination. (power of access)

examples of chokepoints (sea)

narrow, strategic passage way to another difficult pass (canal or strait) ex: Panama Canal

examples of chokepoints (land)

railroad or gas pipeline

shatterbelts (type 1)

region caught between more powerful states in conflict. tug of war (external pressure)

shatterbelts (type 2)

region where different nations/cultural group come into contact and have conflict with one another (internal pressure)

definition

claimed, negotiated, or captured boundaries

delimitation

drawn on a map

ex: Berlin Conference

demarcation

markers physically placed on the ground

administer

manage and maintain the border

antecedent boundaries

ancient/prehistoric boundaries that existed before area was settled (usually physical features)

subsequent boundaries

boundaries developed because of conflict or cultural changes (war and migration) (common)

consequent boundaries

type of subsequent boundary

takes peoples’ differences/cultural landscape into account

superimposed boundaries

boundaries imposed by outside forces

ex: Africa via Berlin conference

geometric boundaries

boundaries drawn using grid systems (lat. and long.; straight line)

relic boundaries

former boundaries that no longer function, but their imprint is still present on CEP landscape

physical political boundaries

boundaries that follow an agreed upon feature in the natural landscape (ex. Tex-Mex border - Rio Grande River)

definitional boundaries (communication breakdown)

when conflict happens because the agreement can be interpreted differently`