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What does the word Renaissance mean?

Rebirth

What two ancient civilizations inspired the artistic and literary developments of the Renaissance?

Greeks and Romans

In what country or region did the Renaissance begin?

Italy

Which Italian city-state is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance?

Florence

In the beginning of the Renaissance

which social class in the Italian city-states had the biggest impact on the development of the Renaissance?

What were the four major cultural values of the Renaissance?

Humanism: an intellectual movement based on the study of the Classical literary works of Greece and Rome Innovation: brought about things like the printing press

Which family dominated the banking industry in Florence during the early Renaissance and patronized the artists in Florence?

Medici

What is civic humanism?

An intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance that held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state

What Roman author inspired the civic humanists?

Cicero

What did the liberal education of the Renaissance focus on the development of?

Stressed the importance of liberal studies as the key to true freedom

What subjects did people study for this liberal education?

History

What was the invention of Johannes Gutenberg?

The printing press

What was the first book printed using the Gutenberg printing press/moveable type?

The Bible

What was a Renaissance man?

A person with many talents or areas of knowledge

What advice did Machiavelli give to European rulers in his book

The Prince?

Consider the phrase "by any means necessary".

You have to do whatever it takes

Consider the phrase "the end justifies the means".

Whatever you have to do to achieve your goal

Work of Ghiberti:

The Sacrifice of Isaac (panel)

Work of Masaccio:

The Expulsion

Work of Donatello:

The David

Work of Leonardo da Vinci:

The Vitruvian Man

Work of Michelangelo:

The Pietas

Renaissance artistic judgement:

What is the technique of perspective in painting?

What is the technique of perspective in painting?

The ability to see three dimensionally

What were perceived as problems of the Roman Catholic Church during the 16th and 17th centuries?

Corruption

According to the RCC

how did a person achieve salvation?

According to the RCC

did people have free will?

How could people make up for their mistakes?

Indulgences and reconciliation

According to the RCC

who was in charge of salvation?

According to the RCC

who could interpret the Bible?

According to the RCC

was the hierarchy necessary?

According to the RCC

what was the role of the pope?

How many sacraments did the RCC believe were necessary?

Seven: baptism

Where was Martin Luther from?

Germany

What was the occupation of Luther?

Professor

What was the first major criticism of the RCC for Martin Luther?

Papacy

Why did Luther criticize the role of good works in achieving salvation?

Thought that one could never do enough good works to achieve salvation

According to Luther

how did a person achieve salvation?

According to Luther

who was in charge of salvation?

According to Luther

who could interpret the Bible?

For Luther

what is meant by the "priesthood of all believers"?

According to Luther

should the church have power over secular rulers (kings) or should secular kings?

What was the 95 Theses written by Martin Luther?

A list of propositions to reform and that contested the church and its use of indulgences

Why is the posting of the 95 Theses considered the opening event of the Reformation?

It was the first document openly displaying defiance against the church

What was Luther criticizing in the 95 Theses?

The church and its preachers taking advantage of its people such as the use of indulgences

How did the printing press affect the spread of the ideas in the 95 Theses?

Created more copies of the ideas

What happened to Luther as a result of the Edict of Worms?

Emperor Charles V declared no one can defend or associate with Martin Luther

In which region did the Protestant Reformation begin with the posting of Luther's 95 Theses?

Wittenberg

What was Luther's view towards secular power?

Doesn't believe the church should be in charge of politics and religion

What was Luther's view towards the revolt of the German peasants? Why?

He reacted quickly and vehemently against them because he knew that it was important to have full support of the German princes and magistrates

What were the Schmalkaldic Wars and what caused the Schmalkaldic Wars?

Protestant German princes supported by France

Where were the Schmalkaldic Wars fought?

In Germany in the Holy Roman Empire

What was stated in the Peace of Augsburg?

Temporary settlement within the Holy Roman Empire

What were the beliefs of the Anabaptists with regards to religion?

Remove anything not regarding religion

Why did a religious reform occur in England under Henry VIII?

Rapid changes in doctrine and liturgy aroused much opposition

What was the Act of Supremacy?

In Britain where they declared that the supreme head of the Church of England was the king

Who did the Act of Supremacy give religious authority to?

The king (Henry VIII)

Who did the Act of Supremacy take religious authority from?

The Pope

Religiously

how would Elizabeth I be described?

Who was John Calvin?

A systematic theologian and organizer of the Protestant movement

What is predestination?

The belief

What indicated that a follower of Calvin was predestined for heaven?

An open profession of faith

What city became a model religious community under the leadership of John Calvin?

Geneva

Who was the founder of the Jesuits?

Ignatius of Loyola

What were the goals of the Jesuits and how did they intend to combat the spread of Protestantism?

Goal was the commitment of the Christian to active service under Jesus's banner in the Church of Christ; intended to combat the spread by the thorough education of young people

What was the Index of Forbidden Books of the Roman Catholic Church?

A list of books that Catholics were not allowed to read

What was decided upon by the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trent?

Affirmed Scripture and tradition as equal authorities in religious matters

What was the Inquisition and what was the purpose of the Inquisition?

Holy Office

What was stated with the Edict of Nantes?

Acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district and allowed them to retain a number of fortified towns for their protection

Who was the hyper-Catholic ruler of Spain that is associated with militant Catholicism?

King Philip II

What nation defeated the Spanish Armada and started the decline of the Spanish Empire?

England

What territory broke free from Spanish control due to the resistance of William of Orange?

Dutch Republic

Which country had a monopoly on the Asian spice trade that prompted other countries to go out and explore?

Dutch Republic

Which European country was the first to explore for alternative trade routes to Asia?

Portugal

Around what continent did Portugal first explore?

Africa

Who created a navigation school in Portugal to sponsor exploration?

Prince Henry the Navigator

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Divided up the newly discovered world into separate Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence

Who is given credit for first circumnavigating the world?

Ferdinand Magellan

What disease had the greatest impact on the Native American populations after the arrival of the Europeans?

Smallpox

Who were the conquistadors?

Leaders in the Spanish conquests in the Americas

What country did the conquistadors explore for?

Spain

Who did the conquistadors conquer in South America?

The Inca Empire

Why were Africans used as slave labor in the Americas and the Caribbean?

Africans were already exposed to european diseases

What were the effects of the African slave trade on Africa and the African populations?

Population declined a lot

What city became the financial center of Europe as trade shifted from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean?

Amsterdam

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas

What were the major items and diseases that moved from Europe and Africa to the Americas?

Smallpox

What was the Middle Passage and what cargo traveled on the Middle Passage?

The stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade

What were the characteristics of the economic philosophy of mercantilism?

Some sort of colony

What were some of the major discoveries of the Europeans during the Age of Exploration?

New land and people

What was the cause of the Thirty Years War?

Habsburgs controlled and put limits on Calvinists which caused a rebellion

Where was the Thirty Years War mostly fought?

Holy Roman Empire

What resulted from the Thirty Years War and the Treaty of Westphalia?

The division of Germany into many territories. This limited the power of the Holy Roman Empire and decentralized German power. The Thirty Years War rearranged the European power structure

What is the theory of absolutism?

Known as the "divine right of kings" theory

What is the theory of divine right?

The idea that a ruler gets the right to rule from God

What was stated in the Petition of Right signed by Charles I of England?

The king was abusing power

What was the cause of the English Civil War?

Religious conflict between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

What two groups fought in the English Civil War?

The Royalists and the Paliamentarians

Who won the English Civil War?

The Parliamentarians

Who ruled England after the English Civil War as a military dictator?

Oliver Cromwell