Demanding and responsive, sets rules but bendable and with explanation (perfect)
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authortarian
hard rules no matter what, no explanation (too strict)
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permissive
literally lets them do anything (way too lenient)
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immunity to disease
stress decreases your immunity to diseases
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accidents
an unexpected or unintended event, especially one resulting in human injury or death, system damage, or system loss
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suicide
death caused by injuring oneself with the intent to die
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senses
vision, hearing, taste, touch, smell, senses of pressure, pain, temperature, kinesthesis, and equilibrium
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exercise and mobility
regular exercise has a profoundly positive impact on depression anxiety and ADHD along with reliving stress, improving memory, sleeping better, and boosting overall mood
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death deferral
tendency for people to avoid dying just before or during important holidays, people are more likley to die after birthdays or on the days after christmas
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crystalized intelligence
a person's general knowledge, vocabulary, and reasoning based on acquired information
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fluid intelligence
the ability to to think abstractly, reason quickly and problem solve independent of any previously acquired knowledge
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harry harlow
did experiment on monkeys and saw that monkeys chose the model with comforting touch over the wire mother that fed t hem
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konrad lorenz
explored imprinting saw that birds would imprint on stuff other than their species
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lev vygotsky
emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the social environment
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erik erikson
best known for this theory on psychological development of humans, coined the idea of basic trust
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cross sectional
a type of research design in which you collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time
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longitudinal studies
repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time
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gender identity
our sense of being male or female
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teratogens - examples
viruses, drugs, alcohol, chemicals
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teratogens
Agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
those who are sexually abused, especially ones who kept it to themselves, reported more headaches and stomach ailments than those weren't
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autism
disorder that develops during this stage and includes deficiencies in communication and social interaction, along with repetitive motions and fixed interests
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marriage and divorce research/trends
divorce is most common among those in 20sand time interval between a woman's menarche (time of first period) and marriage also increased
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midlife crisis
not real - trigger is not age but a major event such as illness, divorce, or job loss
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empty nest syndrome
the grief that many parents feel when their children move out of home (textbook says parents may feel a honeymoon phase when kids first move out and be happy at first)
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egocentrism
can't perceive stuff from other people's view (shows photo to their eyes not their parents)
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imprinting
certain animals form strong attachments during critical period (ex: ducks to their moms)
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attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
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menarche
time of a woman's first mensuration
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menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
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embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
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zygote
fertilized egg that turns into embryo during a 2 week period of rapid cell division
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fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects (pour milk in big glass v small class still same amount of milk)
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reflex - babinski
when sole of foot is stroked the foot flexes or curls up (both feet shud respond in same way apparently)
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reflex - grasp
automatic grasping motion of the hand in babies
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reflex - rooting
tendency to open mouth, and search for breast when touched on the cheek in babies
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reflex - startle
arms will fling sideways with the palms up and the thumbs flexed
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mary ainsworth - secure attachment
children given a positive working model, carer who is emotionally available, sensitive, and supportive
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mary ainsworth - insecure attachment
will either avoid: children think they are unworthy (carer who is rejecting) or resist: children have negative self image and exaggerate for attention (carer who is inconsistent)
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stage theories - negatives
ignorance of cultural and individual differences, fixed chronology
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stage theories - definition
any hypothetical construct used to describe phases or steps in a process that occurs over time
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adolescents - conflict with parents
some conflict with parents can be regarded as a normal part of family relations during adolescence
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adolescents - maturation
Puberty, which also happens during adolescence, is the time period of maturation where sexual organs mature
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adolescents - puberty
period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproduction
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adolescents - self esteem
Low self-esteem in teens is not uncommon and can cause problems with peers, in decision-making, and is associated with anxiety and depression.
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paiget - sensorimotor
age 0-2, no object permeance, learn from sensory and motor, kind of get physics and math (surprised when stuff doesn't add up, has stranger anxiety
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paiget - preoperational
ages 2-6/7, learn language, no sound logic or comprehension of mental operations, autism develops during this stage, egocentric kids, devleoping theory of mind
12-, think logically and can think about abstract concepts, potential for mature moral reasoning
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kholberg
said there was 3 levels for moral thinking: preconventional (before age 9) - self interest, conventional (early adolescence) - uphold laws and rules, postconventional (adolescence and beyond) - act based on basic rights and self defined ethics
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gilligan
basically said kholberg was sexist and did her own experiment w girls found they were more concerned with making connections than men
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difference between men and women - emotions
women are more likley to express happiness warmth and fear whereas men display more anger pride and contempt
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difference between men and women - dysfunction
women are more likley to experience eating disorders anxiety, and depressionwhile men are more likley to be diagnosed with ADHD, develop an alcohol use disorder, colorblindness, and more likley to commit suicide
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abusive parents
stunt physical development of the child's brain and lead to psychological problems, such as low self- esteem, which could later lead to high-risk behaviors, such as substance use
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assimilation
children make sense of the world by applying what they already know
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accommodation
the cognitive process of revising existing cognitive schemas, perceptions, and understanding so that new information can be incorporated
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object permeance
understanding that items and people still exist even when you can't see or hear them
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habituation
a psychological learning process wherein there is a decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it
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temperament
very stable, persons emotional reactivity and intensity, based on genetics
Studied by 9 people
