A&P 2 Chapter 19: Blood

human cells exchange materials with the \_______ via a \______-filled \________ system

environment & fluid & cardiovascular

A cardiovascular system has what three things?

1. Fluid (blood)

2. Pump (heart)

3. Hoses (blood vessels)

blood is \_______ type of \_______ tissue

one + connective

what is the quantity percentage of blood in our body?

8% of body weight

what is the viscosity (consistency) of blood in our body?

5.4-5.5

what is our pH level of blood in our body?

7.35-7.45

what is the normal body temperature?

38 degrees Celcius

blood transports \_______, \______, \_______, \______ and \______ products

gases + nutrients + hormones + heat + waste

blood regulates \________, for example \_____, \_____, and \______ of body fluids

homeostasis + pH + temperature + saline

blood protects against excessive loss by \_______ and \______ through \______ blood cells

clotting + infections + white

composition of plasma: plasma \_____% is the fluid \_____

55 + ECM

plasma is \______% water, \_____% dissolved proteins/solutes

90 + 10

albumins (\___%) are major contributors to \_____ pressure, transport \_____, \_____ hormones

60 + osmotic + lipids + steroid

globulins (\____%) transport \_____, \_____, \_____ for \_____ function

35 + ions + hormones + lipids + immune

fibrinogen (\____%) essential component of \_____ system, can be converted to \______ \______

4 + clotting + insoluble fibrin

regulatory proteins (

1 + enzymes + proenzymes + hormones

electrolytes are normal \_____ fluid ion composition essential for \_____ cellular activities. osmotic pressure of \______ fluids

extracellular + vital + body

organic ingredients are used for \____ production, \____, and maintenance of \_____ including \______, \____, \_____, and \____ acids

ATP + growth + lipids + acids + cholesterol + carbohydrates + amino acids

organic wastes are carried to sites of \_____ or \______ include \_____, \_____ acid, \_______

breakdown + excretion + urea + uric + creatinine

albumins often transport direct acting chemicals in the bloodstream. these include \______ hormones

fatty acids + steroid hormones + thyroid hormones

Gamma globulins (immunoglobulins) make \_______, which mark materials for destruction by the immune system

antibodies (mark or "flag" something to be destructed)

Globulins help to transport materials in blood by acting as hormone-binding proteins, metalloproteins, lipoproteins, and steroid0binding proteins. What do you think the globulin transferrin transports?

iron

angiotensinogen is to angiotensin I as fibrinogin is to \_______

fibrin

liver makes most \______ proteins: all \______, \______ most \_____, and various \______

plasma + albumins + fibrinogen + globulins + proenzymes

liver problems can affect \______ composition! and lots of other \________ systems

blood + body

formed elements (\___%) include \_____ and \____ fragments made in \____ \____ marrow

45 + cells + cell + red bone

hemocytoblasts are \_____ cells that make \____ or \_____ stem cells

stem + myeloid + lymphoid

multi-colony stimulate factor (CSF) causes \______ cells to create some \_____, \_____ and \______

myeloid + WBCs + platelets + RBCs

lymphoid stem cells makes \_____

lymphocytes

\______ stimulotes erythropoiesis

EPO

location of hematopoiesis changes through \______

lifetime

hematopoiesis occurs in \_____, \____, \___ and \____ marrow of embryos

liver + spleen + thymus + bone

hematopoiesis occurs only in \_____ tissue in adults

myeloid (red bone marrow)

neutrophil (street cop) white blood cell has \______ response

rapid

eosinophil (fumigator) white blood cell kills \_____

parasites

basophil (fireman) white blood cell helps with \_____

inflammation

macrophage (riot police) white blood cell is \_______ lasting

longer

dendritic (signal man) white blood cell relays \_____

information

Lymphocytes (B and T cells) target \______ responses (special force soldiers)

specific

thrombocytes (platelets, t) are made in \_______ bone marrow

red

thrombocytes are made in red bone marrow when: \_____ stem cells become \_____ or when \_______ splinter into \______ fragments, making \_______

myeloid + megakaryocytes +megakaryocytes + 2000+ & platelets

\_____ of platelets are stored in \______. they mobilize during \______ and are removed by \_______

1/3 + spleen + crises + phagocytosis

platelets stop bleeding (\______) by: releasing \______ and patching \______ \_______

hemostasis + chemicals + vessel walls

Hemostasis has 3 phases which are:

vascular (stop flow) + platelet (plug hole) + coagulation phase (patch wall)

the vascular phase of hemostasis is when damage to \___ \____ triggers \___ muscle to \_____

vessel wall + smooth + contract

the platelet phase of hemostasis is when platelets gather at \____ site, adhere to \_____ and secrete \______ (activation)

damages + surface + chemicals

the platelet phase of hemostasis uses \_____ feedback because chemicals activate more \_____

positive + platelets

platelets secrete \________ ions

calcium

platelets secrete \______, which triggers enzymes

ADP

platelets secrete \_______ \____ which activates platelets

thromboxane A2

platelets secrete \_______ which promote smooth muscle \_______

prostaglandins + contraction

platelets secrete platelet-derived \________ factors (PDGF) which stimulate \______ of smooth muscle and \_____ cells

growth + division + endothelial

the clotting (coagulation) phase of hemostasis occurs \________ sec post injury where it replaces temporary \______ \_____

30 + platelet plug

the clotting phase makes \______ protein which covers \______ \_____ like a net

fibrin + platelet plug

the clotting phase uses \_____ factors \_______ and \_______

clotting + procoagulents + proenzymes

clotting phase in hemostasis involves \_____ reactions of three pathways: \______, \____ and \______ pathways

chain + extrinsic + intrinsic + common

Extrinsic pathways uses \_____ factor from \_____ tissue

tissue + damaged

intrinsic pathway uses \_______ factors in \_____

coagulation + blood

extrinsic and intrinsic pathways converge to make factor \____

X

factor \_____ begins the \______ pathway which forms \______ net

X + common + fibrin net

common pathway (flowchart):

1. factor x activated by intrinsic/extrinsic pathway

2. stimulate prothrombinase

3. conversion prothrombin (proenzyme) to thrombin (enzyme)

4. conversion of fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin (platelet aggregation)

5. fibrin produce thrombus (clot)

the failure of what organ must lead to clotting disorder?

liver

hemostasis: clot control, the thrombus stays at site of injury to release \_______ by \_______ cells to inhibit \_______ elsewhere

protaglandins + endothelial + aggregation

hemostasis: clot control, the thrombus stays at site of injury to release \_______ and \_______ by WBCs to activate \____________ \___ which inhibits thrombin

seratonin + heparin + antithrombin 3

during clot control, the clot retracts when torn edges of \_______ pull \______ \_____

vessel + closer together

clot control: plasmin dissolves \_______ preventing \_______ and \_______

clot + thrombosis + embolism

hemostasis overview: 1. exposed collagen bind to and activate platelets, vasoconstriction occurs

2. platelets release clotting factors, initiating platelet aggregation

3. clotting factors activate thrombin and coagulation

4. cascade begins

5. thrombin activates fibrin strands and form platelet plug

what is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase

what eventually ends the positive feedback loop during homeostasis?

secretions of white blood cells which eventually activate antithrombin 3

Brayden arrives with seemingly minor cuts, but excessive bleeding. In his patient history, you learn that he has a rare form of hemophilia. He has a reduced capacity to clot due to deficiency in \__________

Factor X (NEEDED FOR CLOTTING)

red blood cells (erythrocytes) transport \_________ and help regulate \________ \_______

gases + plasma's pH

red blood cells make up \_____% of blood's formed \_______

99.8 + elements

red blood cells make up \_____% of blood's total \_____

50 + volume

erythropoiesis is the formation and \________ of \_______

maturation + RBCs

hemocytoblast is a stem cell that becomes \______ cell

myeloid

proerthyroblast is a \______ cell commited to becoming an \_______

myeloid + RBC

erythroblasts undergo several \_____ steps like \______ of organelles and accumulation of \_________

developmental + expulsion + hemoglobin

reticulocytes released into \_____ marrow where they mature into \________

bone + erythrocytes

mature RBCs are what 3 things?

1. anucleate with few organelles

2. biconcave discs

3. flexible and form stacks (roueaux)

gas transport: EPO speeds up synthesis of \________ protein

hemoglobin (HB)

gas transport: each hemoglobin has \____ subunits: \___ \____ chain and \_____ \_____ chains

4 + 2 alpha + 2 beta

gas transport: each subunit has a molecule of \_____

heme

gas transport: each heme has one \_____ ion

iron

gas transport: each iron binds a molecule of \_____ giving \____ its red color

O2 + blood

a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule binds \_______ molecules of O2

4

in gas transport, HB binds with \_____ to form \_______. HB (hemoglobin) + O2 \= \______ (temporary & reversible)

O2 + oxyhemoglobin + Hb02

in gas transport, more than \____% of oxygen carries this way, and the remainder is carried in \_____

98 + plasma

Recycling: RBSc have limited \______ abilities (no nucleus \= no \_____)

abilities + DNA

recycling: survival of a red blood cell is \____ days, about \____% of RBCs are replaced \___ \___

120 + 1 + per day